TABLE 3.

Long-term Estimates of Pollution Exposure and Progression of HAA

	Annual change in % HAA per 5 mcg/m3 increment in PM2.5 (95% CI)	p	Annual change in % HAA per 40 ppb increment in NOx (95%CI)	p	Annual change in % HAA per 10 ppb increment in NO2 (95% CI)	p	Annual change in % HAA per 10 ppb increment in O3 (95% CI)	p
Overall	0.54 (0.02 to 1.11)	0.04	0.55 (0.08 to 1.01)	0.02	0.22 (−0.26 to 0.68)	0.40	−0.021 (−0.63 to 0.59)	0.95
Sex
Female	0.33 (−0.41 to 1.0)	0.41	0.80 (0.13 to 1.5)	0.02	0.39 (−0.09 to 0.86)	0.11	−0.29 (−1.1 to 0.55)	0.50
Male	0.20 (−0.18 to 1.3)	0.14	0.13 (−0.54 to 0.79)	0.71	−0.14 (−0.62 to 0.33)	0.71	0.44 (−0.41 to 1.3)	0.31
Race
White	1.0 (0.37 to 1.7)	0.003	1.0 (0.24 to 1.8)	0.01	0.57 (0.08 to 1.1)	0.02	0.34 (−0.43 to 1.1)	0.39
Asian	2.1 (−1.0 to 5.2)	0.19	0.20 (−1.0 to 1.4)	0.74	−0.11 (−0.88 to 0.67)	0.74	1.7 (−0.05 to 3.4)	0.06
Black	0.39 (−0.79 to 1.6)	0.52	0.64 (0.09 to 1.2)	0.02	0.57 (−0.66 to 0.77)	0.87	0.11 (−1.2 to 1.4)	0.86
Hispanic	1.3 (0.03 to 2.6)	0.05	1.1 (0.03 to 2.2)	0.04	0.87 (−0.03 to 1.8)	0.06	−1.6 (−3.1 to −0.06)	0.04
Tobacco Use
Never-smoker	0.62 (−0.1 to 1.3)	0.09	0.64 (−0.03 to 1.3)	0.06	0.33 (−0.15 to 0.82)	0.17	−0.04 (0.92 to 0.83)	0.93
Ever-smoker	0.70 (−0.02 to 1.4)	0.06	0.69 (0.03 to 1.3)	0.04	0.21 (−0.26 to 0.68)	0.37	0.03 (−0.8 to 0.85)	0.95

Linear longitudinal association of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and ozone (O₃) with percent change in high attenuation areas (HAA), from linear mixed models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, JEM, height, BMI, waist circumference, smoking status, cigarette pack-years, glomerular filtration rate, total volume of image lung, percent emphysema on CT scan, CT scanner type and study site