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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Dec 12.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2012 Mar 22;13(4):251–262. doi: 10.1038/nrm3311

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Summary of effects of AMPK activation on cellular metabolism. The likely protein targets that mediate the metabolic effects of AMPK, as well as the final metabolic outcomes, are depicted. Proteins shown on the inner wheel with question marks may not be directly phosphorylated by AMPK. Catabolic pathways, including glucose uptake via GLUT4 and GLUT1, glycolysis, fatty acid uptake via CD36, fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy are invariably activated by AMPK. Anabolic pathways, including fatty acid synthesis, transcription of lipogenic enzymes, triglyceride synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, transcription of gluconeogenic enzymes, glycogen synthesis, protein synthesis and rRNA synthesis, are invariably inhibited by AMPK.