Table 2.
Risk behaviors and Healthcare utilization of study sample by current OAT Use (N=380)
| No Current OAT n=287* |
Current OAT n=93* |
p-value | OR (95% CI) | p- value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| History of Drug Use | Mean (SD) or n (%) | Mean (SD) or n (%) | |||
|
| |||||
| Mean DAST Score | 7.48 (1.96) | 7.09 (2.35) | 0.150 | 0.92 (0.82–1.02) | 0.115 |
| Mean age of Injection initiation, y | 19.78 (5.84) | 19.31 (4.72) | 0.438 | ||
| Mean opioid craving scale | 6.53 (3.43) | 3.16 (3.32) | <0.001 | ||
| Mean # overdoses in past 6 months | 0.10 (0.38) | 0.04 (0.29) | 0.149 | ||
| Mean # injection days in past month | 18.62 (12.07) | 2.89 (7.58) | <0.001 | 16.89 (9.58– 29.77) | <0.001 |
| Frequency of Drug Injection | <0.001 | ||||
| Mild (0–1 days/month) | 48 (16.7%) | 72 (77.4%) | |||
| Moderate (2–27 days/month) | 110 (38.3%) | 15 (16.1%) | |||
| Severe (28–30 days/month) | 129 (44.9%) | 6 (6.5%) | |||
| Mean # of days using alcohol in past month | 4.02 (7.10) | 2.02 (4.71) | 0.002 | ||
| Past Year | |||||
| Used drugs | 266 (92.7%) | 73 (78.5%) | <0.001 | ||
| Unable to stop using drugs | 206 (71.8%) | 59 (63.4%) | 0.128 | ||
| Blackouts | 166 (57.8%) | 53 (57.0%) | 0.885 | ||
| Experienced withdrawal | 260 (90.6%) | 73 (78.5%) | 0.002 | ||
| Felt guilty about drug use | 261 (90.9%) | 75 (80.6%) | 0.007 | ||
| Neglected family due to drug use | 248 (86.4%) | 71 (76.3%) | 0.022 | ||
|
| |||||
| Sexual Behavior | |||||
|
| |||||
| Ever exchanged sex for money, rent or drugs | 60 (20.9%) | 11 (11.8%) | 0.051 | ||
| Ever been forced to have sex against your will | 73 (25.4%) | 25 (26.9%) | 0.782 | ||
| Ever been beaten, slapped or hit before or during sex | 46 (16.0%) | 14 (15.1%) | 0.823 | ||
| In the last 90 days | |||||
| Had sex | 156 (54.4%) | 41 (44.1%) | 0.085 | ||
|
| |||||
| Of whom: | N=156 | N=41 | |||
|
| |||||
| Had a regular sexual partner | 143 (91.7%) | 40 (97.6%) | 0.308 | ||
| Mean # sex partners | 1.03 (3.02) | 0.44 (0.50) | 0.063 | ||
| Casual sex partner | 27 (17.3%) | 1 (2.4%) | 0.005 | ||
| Mean # casual sex partner | 0.09 (0.29) | 0.01 (0.10) | <0.001 | ||
| Exchanged sex for money/rent/drugs | 24 (15.4%) | 1 (2.4%) | 0.014 | ||
| Beaten, slapped, hit before or during sex | 22 (14.1%) | 3 (7.3%) | 0.155 | ||
| Without a condom | 104 (66.7%) | 30 (73.2%) | 0.485 | ||
|
| |||||
| Of whom: | N=104 | N=30 | |||
|
| |||||
| Mean # of partners | 0.43 (0.79) | 0.32 (0.47) | 0.131 | ||
| with an HIV+ partner | 33 (31.7%) | 11 (36.7%) | 0.931 | ||
| with a regular partner | 84 (80.8%) | 24 (80%) | 0.520 | ||
| with a casual partner | 9 (8.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.120 | ||
| and exchanged money | 4 (3.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.252 | ||
| and used drugs | 75 (72.1%) | 11 (36.7%) | 0.004 | ||
|
| |||||
| Condom use with last sex | 65 (22.6%) | 17 (18.3%) | 0.373 | ||
|
| |||||
| History of HIV and HCV infections | |||||
|
| |||||
| HIV/AIDS | |||||
| Ever tested | 235 (81.9%) | 87 (93.5%) | <0.001 | ||
| Ever diagnosed | 155 (54.2%) | 46 (59.5%) | 0.604 | ||
| Currently taking ART | 74 (88.1%); n=84 | 29 (96.7%); n=30 | 0.172 | ||
| Mean last CD4 count, cells/pL | 454.4 (269); n=97 | 452.8 (210); n=37 | 0.970 | ||
| Ever tested for HCV | 187 (65.2%) | 81 (87.1%) | <0.001 | ||
| Diagnosed with chronic HCV | 145 (50.7%) | 65 (69.9%) | 0.004 | ||
| Ever tested for HBV | 122 (42.5%) | 57 (61.3%) | 0.002 | ||
|
| |||||
| Incarceration History | |||||
|
| |||||
| Ever incarcerated in prison | 76 (26.5%) | 20 (21.5%) | 0.337 | ||
| Mean # times in prison | 0.60 (1.344) | 0.70 (1.756) | 0.617 | ||
| Mean # time needles confiscated by police | 0.16 (1.071) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.014 | ||
| Ever been threatened with physical violence by police | 105 (36.6%) | 38 (40.9%) | 0.460 | ||
| Ever threatened with weapon by police | 60 (20.9%) | 15 (16.1%) | 0.314 | ||
| Ever forced to have sex by police | 40 (13.9%) | 11 (11.8%) | 0.604 | ||
| Ever physically assaulted by police | 129 (44.9%) | 42 (45.2%) | 0.971 | ||
| Physically assaulted by police in last 6 months | 21 (7.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.007 | ||
| Last 6 months, forced to have sex by police | 7 (2.4%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0.426 | ||
|
| |||||
| Composite Variables | |||||
|
| |||||
| Recent risky sexual behavior | 103 (35.9%) | 18 (19.4%) | 0.003 | 0.43 (0.24–0.76) | 0.003 |
| Recent violence exposure | 41 (14.3%) | 4 (4.3%) | 0.010 | 0.27 (0.09–0.77) | 0.015 |
| Severe drug use | 129 (44.9%) | 6 (6.5%) | <0.001 | 0.08 (0.04–0.20) | <0.001 |
| Depressed | 205 (71.4%) | 49 (53.3%) | 0.001 | 0.46 (0.28–0.74) | 0.001 |
*
Unless otherwise noted, based on survey skip patterns. Shading and indentation also reflects survey skip patterns.