Table 1.

Hazard Ratio (95% CI) of Ischemic Stroke according to Quintiles of Whole Grain Intake among participants in NHS and HPFS.

	Quintiles of Whole Grain Intake					Ptrend
	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	Q5
NHS
Median	4.43	10.10	15.15	21.46	33.23
No. of cases/ Person-years	328/365029	262/367305	310/368956	282/368999	368/368557
Multivariable model*	1.00	0.83(0.70,0.98)	0.98(0.84,1.15)	0.86(0.72,1.01)	1.03(0.88,1.21)	0.35
HPFS
Median	5.92	14.47	22.35	31.50	47.90
No. of cases/ Person-years	188/194616	223/196243	167/196459	147/197139	183/196825
Multivariable model*	1.00	1.27(1.04,1.55)	0.95(0.77,1.18)	0.83(0.66,1.03)	1.06(0.85,1.32)	0.37
Pooled†
Multivariable model*	1.00	0.99(0.87, 1.12)	0.97(0.86, 1.10)	0.84(0.74, 0.97)	1.04(0.91, 1.19)	0.97

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study.

^*Multivariable model was adjusted for age (years), BMI (<18.5, 18.5–22.9, 23.0–24.9, 25.0–29.9, 30.0–34.9, or ≥35.0 kg/m²), smoking status (never, past, current [1–14,15–24, or ≥25 cigarettes/day]), alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–14.9, ≥15.0 g/day for women and 0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–29.9 or ≥30.0 g/day for men), physical activity (quintiles), family history of diabetes, cancer and heart disease(yes or no), multivitamin use(yes or no), hypertension, high cholesterol at baseline (yes or no), total energy intake (kcal/day) and modified alternative health eating index score, which did not include whole grains, as a summary measure of diet quality. For women, menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use were further adjusted for.

^†Pooled hazard ratios were calculated using a fixed-effects meta-analysis.