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. 2017 Dec 8;9:409. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00409

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Effect of DL0410 on the oxidative stress, activity of anti-oxidative enzymes and mitochondrial respiration in the hippocampus and cortex. Data are the mean ± SEM (n = 5–6). (A) DL0410 could reduce advanced glycation end products (AGEs) levels in the hippocampus and cortex (F(6,29) = 7.307, p < 0.0001). (B) DL0410 decreased the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the hippocampus and cortex (F(6,29) = 5.353, p = 0.0008). (C) DL0410 could increase the total antioxidant capability of the hippocampus and cortex (F(6,29) = 4.900, p = 0.0014). (D) DL0410 could increase the activity of catalase in the hippocampus and cortex (F(6,27) = 2.973, p = 0.0232). (E) DL0410 could increase the activity of Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the hippocampus and cortex (F(6,21) = 7.373, p = 0.0002). (F) DL0410 could increase the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the hippocampus and cortex (F(6,28) = 3.642, p = 0.0085). The effect of DL0410 on mitochondrial respiration in the hippocampus and cortex using L-glutamate and L-malate (G,H) or succinate (I,J) as substrates. Data are the mean ± SEM (n = 6–8) (G,I) DL0410 could increase the RCR in the hippocampus and cortex (NADH chain F(6,46) = 10.46, p < 0.0001; FADH2 chain F(6,43) = 1.397, p = 0.2349). (H,J) DL0410 could increase the OPR in the hippocampus and cortex (NADH chain F(6,40) = 13.21, p < 0.0001; FADH2 chain F(6,35) = 12.49, p < 0.0001). (K) The representative electron micrograph of mitochondrion in the hippocampus CA1 area (magnification: 150,000×). #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001, ####p < 0.0001 vs. control group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 vs. model group.