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. 2017 Dec 12;7:17471. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17803-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Survival curves and replication of rNDV-NP_E402A and rNDV-WT in 4-week-old chickens. (A) Survival curves of 4-week-old specific pathogen-free chickens (n = 10). Birds were infected with rNDV-WT or rNDV-NP_E402A. (B–D) Replication of the two viruses in 4-week-old chickens. Birds were inoculated with 10⁵EID₅₀/100 μl of rNDV-NP_E402A or rNDV-WT through the eye drop/intranasal (ED/IN) route, and sacrificed at 2 (B), 3 (C), or 4 (D) days post-inoculation (n = 2). The indicated tissues were collected, and viral titers were determined in DF-1 cells. Asterisks indicate a statistically significant difference between the titers of the chimeric virus and the parental virus. P-values were calculated based on a two-tailed, unpaired t-test (95% confidence levels). *P = 0.01–0.05; **P = 0.001–0.01.