Table 1.
Participant baseline characteristics.
| Parameters | Carnosine (n = 13) | Placebo (n = 11) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | F = 3, M = 10 | F = 3, M = 8 | |
| Age (years) | 42 ± 6 | 43 ± 9 | 0.73 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.4 ± 4.5 | 32.3 ± 4.6 | 0.32 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.89 ± 0.06 | 0.88 ± 0.06 | 0.74 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 117.1 ± 8.8 | 125.1 ± 13.3 | 0.09 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 76.1 ± 5.5 | 83.1 ± 9.2 | 0.06 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 5.4 ± 0.46 | 5.3 ± 0.50 | 0.60 |
| 2 h glucose (mmol/l) | 6.6 ± 2.0 | 7.5 ± 2.4 | 0.35 |
| Fasting insulin (mU/l) | 12.4 ± 7.3 | 14.3 ± 5.4 | 0.49 |
| 2 h insulin (mU/l) | 109.5 ± 75.9 | 127.5 ± 84.6 | 0.58 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.0 ± 2.0 | 3.2 ± 1.2 | 0.69 |
| HOMA-B | 136.3 ± 55.1 | 182.1 ± 89.9 | 0.14 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.4 ± 0.9 | 5.3 ± 0.8 | 0.77 |
| High density lipoprotein (mmol/l) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.97 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 0.41 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/l) | 3.4 ± 2.9 | 4.4 ± 4.6 | 0.50 |
| Adiponectin (µmol/ml) | 5.9 ± 3.3 | 5.8 ± 1.8 | 0.96 |
| Urinary carnosine levels (nmol/ml) | 8.9 ± 6.1 | 8.0 ± 6.3 | 0.73 |
| Carnosinase 1 activity (µM) | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 0.39 |
| Fat preference score (high fat/low fat score) | 0.94 ± 0.13 | 0.86 ± 0.12 | 0.12 |
| REE (kcal/kg/day) | 32.3 ± 4.6 | 32.3 ± 6.5 | 0.99 |
Means and standard deviations were reported. Independent t-tests were computed to determine the p-value.
BP, blood pressure; HOMA-B, homeostatic model of assessment of insulin secretion; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model of assessment of insulin resistance; REE, resting energy expenditure.