Table 2.
Effect of carnosine supplementation on the plasma lipidome.
| Lipid class | Carnosine group (n = 13) | Placebo group (n = 11) | P* | P # | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from baseline | Baseline | Change from baseline | |||
| dhCer | 0.93 ± 0.22 | 0.19 ± 0.24 | 0.99 ± 0.31 | 0.02 ± 0.27 | 0.53 | 0.15 |
| Cer | 7.26 ± 1.47 | 0.06 ± 1.03 | 6.65 ± 1.24 | −0.22 ± 0.63 | 0.28 | 0.08 |
| MHC | 19.22 ± 4.34 | −0.78 ± 3.54 | 16.28 ± 3.57 | −0.86 ± 1.09 | 0.08 | 0.16 |
| DHC | 9.29 ± 1.82 | −0.66 ± 1.13 | 8.60 ± 1.53 | −0.95 ± 1.45 | 0.33 | 0.21 |
| THC | 1.78 ± 0.43 | 0.01 ± 0.19 | 1.98 ± 0.45 | −0.28 ± 0.34 | 0.26 | 0.04 |
| GM3 | 5.34 ± 1.27 | −0.09 ± 0.55 | 4.99 ± 1.04 | −0.38 ± 0.56 | 0.48 | 0.20 |
| SM | 421.38 ± 73.29 | −9.74 ± 36.72 | 425.35 ± 98.92 | −31.23 ± 54.22 | 0.91 | 0.10 |
| PC | 1821.96 ± 264.12 | 77.28 ± 16.70 | 1801.78 ± 282.53 | −81.27 ± 196.02 | 0.85 | 0.01 |
| PC(O) | 82.05 ± 12.17 | 1.27 ± 14.86 | 90.43 ± 15.54 | −3.59 ± 11.64 | 0.15 | 0.84 |
| PC(P) | 41.35 ± 5.98 | 0.49 ± 5.81 | 45.35 ± 11.45 | −2.26 ± 8.07 | 0.28 | 0.67 |
| LPC | 118.67 ± 14.52 | −5.15 ± 19.41 | 105.99 ± 24.54 | −10.20 ± 14.21 | 0.13 | 0.14 |
| LPC(O) | 1.71 ± 0.11 | −0.14 ± 0.25 | 1.69 ± 0.20 | −0.01 ± 0.13 | 0.85 | 0.68 |
| PE | 32.63 ± 9.51 | −0.046 ± 5.91 | 31.51 ± 11.16 | −0.10 ± 7.29 | 0.79 | 0.81 |
| PE(O) | 2.69 ± 1.00 | 0.14 ± 1.13 | 2.92 ± 1.00 | −0.08 ± 0.97 | 0.59 | 0.82 |
| PE(P) | 29.20 ± 5.41 | 2.79 ± 8.09 | 31.66 ± 5.41 | 0.19 ± 7.33 | 0.27 | 0.76 |
| LPE | 7.18 ± 1.47 | −0.16 ± 1.73 | 6.41 ± 1.26 | −0.35 ± 0.97 | 0.18 | 0.17 |
| PI | 44.22 ± 12.45 | −1.71 ± 6.40 | 39.95 ± 8.58 | −2.06 ± 6.43 | 0.34 | 0.27 |
| LPI | 0.74 ± 0.17 | 0.098 ± 0.19 | 0.73 ± 0.17 | 0.06 ± 0.13 | 0.88 | 0.49 |
| PS | 9.07 ± 3.09 | 0.05 ± 2.56 | 10.39 ± 4.53 | −1.77 ± 5.89 | 0.40 | 0.55 |
| PG | 0.22 ± 0.13 | −0.01 ± 0.07 | 0.18 ± 0.008 | −0.01 ± 0.07 | 0.39 | 0.49 |
| CE | 1345.49 ± 251.06 | 5.49 ± 21.05 | 1254.97 ± 206.26 | −22.47 ± 174.38 | 0.35 | 0.58 |
| COH | 896.96 ± 131.96 | 20.05 ± 79.62 | 933.82 ± 166.13 | −68.56 ± 79.71 | 0.55 | 0.006 |
| DG | 40.86 ± 24.67 | 1.03 ± 15.39 | 35.88 ± 16.95 | −0.04 ± 20.03 | 0.57 | 0.78 |
| TG | 347.22 ± 175.29 | 19.40 ± 129.72 | 289.03 ± 93.68 | −4.31 ± 9.13 | 0.33 | 0.58 |
All values are in nmol/ml. Means and standard deviations were reported.
*Independent t-tests were conducted to compare the baseline differences between the groups.
#Analysis of covariance were performed to determine between-group treatment differences.
dhCer, dihydroceramide; Cer, ceramide; MHC, monohexosylceramide; DHC, dihexosylceramide; THC, trihexosylcermide; GM3, GM3 ganglioside; SM, sphingomyelin; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PC(O), alkylphosphatidylcholine; PC(P), alkenylphosphatidylcholine; PC, lysophosphatidylcholine; LPC(O), lysoalkylphosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PE(O), alkylphosphatidylethanolamine; PE(P), alkenylphosphatidylethanolamine; LPE, lysophosphatidylethanolamine; PI, phosphatidylinositol; LPI, lysophosphatidylinositol; PS, phosphatidylserine; PG, phosphatidylglycerol; CE, cholesterol ester; COH, free cholesterol; DG, diacylglycerol; TG, triacylglycerol.