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. 2017 Dec 12;7:17401. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17043-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Transplantation of NCSCs and NCSC-SCs for peripheral nerve regeneration and in vivo evaluation of functional recovery. (A) Schematic outline of tissue engineering approach by combining NCSCs/NCSC-SCs, collagen/HA hydrogel, and a PLCL nerve conduit. The NCSCs/NCSC-SCs were mixed with collagen-hyaluronic acid (Col-HA) hydrogel, injected in the nerve conduits, and incubate overnight in vitro. The nerve conduits were then used to connect the cut sciatic nerves in nude rats. (B) Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) was measured in vivo at 1-month after surgery. Representative CMAP curves of the acellular, NCSC, and NCSC-SC groups are shown. Recovery rate is the ratio of injured hindlimb’s CMAP to contralateral normal hindlimb’s CMAP of a rat. Bars represent mean ± standard error of mean. ** indicates significant difference (p < 0.01; n = 6) (C) Five months after surgery, gastrocnemius muscle wet weight was measured and compared between injured hindlimb and contralateral normal hindlimb of a rat. Representative images of gastrocnemius muscle are shown for the acellular group, the NCSC group, and the NCSC-SC group. Bars represent mean ± standard error of mean. * indicates significant difference (p < 0.05; n = 5 for acellular group and NCSC group, and n = 6 for NCSC-SC group).