Table 5.
Comparison of sodium quantification in brain from different studies. Values presented in this table are the average values in healthy brain tissue (white and/or gray matter) from the different references.
| Reference | TSC (mM) | C 1, ISC, vBSC (mM) | α 1, CVF, TCD, ISVF | α 2 | α 3 | Tissue model | Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ouwerkerk et al.13 | 60–701 | 1-CM | SQ | ||||
| Boada et al.55 | 40–45 | 1-CM | SQ | ||||
| Inglese et al.34 | 20–30 | 1-CM | SQ | ||||
| Thulborn et al.56 | 28–382, 40–463 | 0.82–0.86 | 3-CM | SQ | |||
| Zaaraoui et al.57 | 40–63 | 1-CM | SQ | ||||
| Fleysher et al.58 | 10–15 | 0.85–0.95 | 2-CM1 | TQF | |||
| Paling et al.59 | 30–40 | 2-CM2 | SQ | ||||
| Qian et al.60 | 40–70 | 5–27 | 2-CM3 | 2SQ | |||
| Maarouf et al.61 | 37–52 | 1-CM | SQ | ||||
| Mirkes et al.62 | 30–37 | 1-CM | SQ | ||||
| Madelin et al.18,63 | 5–20 | 0.10–0.25 | 3-CM | IR | |||
| Niesporek et al.64 | 41–48 | 1-CM | SQ | ||||
| Petracca et al.65 | 25–45 | 11–15 | 0.83–0.92 | 2-CM1 | TQF | ||
| Thulborn et al.66 | 35–40 | 0.79–0.82 | 2-CM1 | SQ | |||
| This study | 40–54 4 | 19–32 | 0.52–0.55 | 0.21–0.26 | 1.00–1.06 | 4-CM | MP |
| Theoretical values 1–10,23–28 | 33–48 | 10–30 | 0.50–0.60 | 0.20–0.30 | 0.99–1.00 |
Abbreviations: IC = intracellular compartment; EC = extracellular compartment; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid; TSC = total sodium concentration; C 1 18,63 (present study) = ISC58 = intracellular sodium concentration; vBSC60 = volume-fraction weighted bound sodium concentration; α 1 18,63 (present study) = intracellular volume fraction; CVF66 = cell volume fraction; TCD56 = tissue cell density; ISVF58 = intracellular sodium volume fraction; α 2 18,63 (present study) = extracellular volume fraction; α 3 (present study) = CSF volume fraction; 1-CM = 1-compartment model (average IC + EC); 2-CM1 = 2-compartment model (IC, EC); 2-CM2 = 2-compartment model (tissue, CSF); 2-CM3 = 2-compartment model (bound sodium = IC, fluid sodium); 3-CM = 3-compartment model (IC, EC, water fraction/solid space); 4-CM = 4-compartment model (IC, EC, CSF, water fraction/solid space); SQ = single quantum; 2SQ = 2 single quantum; TQF = triple quantum filter, MP = multi-pulse; IR = inversion recovery.
Notes: 1Assuming brain density = 1 for conversion from mmol/kg to mM. 2Not including water fraction. 3Including water fraction. 4TSC = α 1 C 1 + α 2 C 2, with C 2 = 140 mM.