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. 2017 Dec 12;7:17416. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17565-x

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Neutrophil abundance peaks at the onset of menstruation in the human endometrium. Neutrophil abundance was analysed by immunohistochemistry and ImageJ-assisted stereology. (a) Representative photomicrographs of endometrial tissue sections at high power and low power with isotype control insets. GE = glandular epithelium, Lu = lumen, St = stroma. (b) Percentage of endometrial stroma comprised by elastase-immunopositive cells (normalised to total cell nuclei) plotted against day of patient menstrual cycle. Each x-value represents data from one individual patient sample, therefore some cycle days are repeated. † symbol indicates %SE (standard error) < 5. Dark grey box indicates the period of menstruation. (c) Stromal neutrophil abundance grouped by menstrual cycle phase. Results are presented as mean ± SEM, with results consistent across three technical replicates. Significance determined by 1-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.