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. 2017 Dec 12;7:17427. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17580-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of misalignment on system performance. (a–d) Illustration of OAM-based communications link with perfect alignment, displacement, tip/tilt error at Rx, and tip/tilt error at Tx, respectively. (e) and (f) Received OAM spectrum with perfect alignment and misalignment between the transmitter and the receiver, respectively. (g–i) Received power on different OAM modes under horizontal, vertical, and simulated displacement when OAM −1 is transmitted. The roundtrip transmission distance is ~100 m and the tracking system is off. The displacement refers to the distance between the OAM beam center and the center of the receiver. Tx:−1, Rx: +3: received power on OAM +3 mode when OAM −1 beam is transmitted.