Table 1.
Functions of DKK1 in various cancer cells
| Cancer types (References) | Cell lines | Phenotypes | Clinical samples | Functions of DKK1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Renal cell carcinoma (Hirata et al., 2011) | A498 | DKK1 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation and migration and induced apoptosis. | – | Tumour suppressive |
| Colon cancer (Aguilera et al., 2006; Qi et al., 2012) | HCT116 | DKK1 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion. | Among 217 cases, 131 cases (60.4%) showed positive for DKK1. | Tumour suppressive |
| DLD‐1 | DKK1 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation. | Among 54 cases, DKK1 was hypermethylated in nine cases (17%). | Tumour suppressive | |
| Breast cancer (Mikheev et al., 2008, Qiao et al., 2008, DiMeo et al., 2009) | MCF‐7 | DKK1 knockdown promoted cell proliferation. | – | Tumour suppressive |
| SUM1315 and MDA‐MB‐231 | DKK1 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation. | – | Tumour suppressive | |
| Melanoma (Mikheev et al., 2007) | MDA‐MB435 | DKK1 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. | – | Tumour suppressive |
| Placental choriocarcinoma (Peng et al., 2006) | JAR | DKK1 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. | – | Tumour suppressive |
| Mesothelioma (Lee et al., 2004) | H28, MS‐1 | DKK1 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. | – | Tumour suppressive |
| Cervical carcinoma (Mikheev et al., 2004) | HeLa | DKK1 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. | – | Tumour suppressive |
| Gliobalastoma (Shou et al., 2002) | U87MG | DKK1 induced apoptosis. | – | Tumour suppressive |
| Hepatcellular carcinoma (Chen et al., 2013) | Bel7402 | DKK1 knockdown inhibited cell migration and invasion. | Metastatic tumours showed much higher DKK1 expression in comparison with that in the primary tumours. | Oncogenic |
| Lung cancer (Sato et al., 2010a; Kimura et al., 2016) | A549 | Anti‐DKK1 Ab or DKK1 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion. | Among 128 cases, 98 cases (76.6%) showed positive for DKK1. | Oncogenic |
| Pancreas cancer (Takahashi et al., 2010; Kimura et al., 2016) | S2‐CP8 | DKK1 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion. |
Among 23 cases, 17 cases (73.9%) showed positive for DKK1. Among 59 cases, 45 cases (76.3%) showed positive for DKK1. |
Oncogenic |
| SUIT‐2 | DKK1 knockdown inhibited cell migration. | – | Oncogenic | |
| Oesophageal cancer (Makino et al., 2009; Li et al., 2011) | EC9706 | DKK1 overexpression promoted cell proliferation and invasion. | Among 138 cases, 115 cases (83.4%) showed positive for DKK1. | Oncogenic |
| – | – | Among 170 cases, 72 cases (42.4%) showed positive for DKK1. Patients with DKK1‐positive tumours had poorer DFS than those with negative oesophageal cancer (squamous cell carcinoma type). | Oncogenic | |
| Multiple myeloma (Yaccoby et al., 2007; Fulciniti et al., 2009) | Primary multiple myeloma cell | Anti‐DKK1 Ab inhibited cell proliferation. | – | Oncogenic |
| Prostate cancer (Hall et al., 2008; Hall et al., 2010; Rachner et al., 2014) | PC‐3 | DKK1 knockdown inhibited tumour formation. |
High DKK1 levels in tumours were associated with shorter overall survival. High DKK1 levels in the serum were associated with a significantly shorter overall and disease specific survival. |
Oncogenic |