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. 2017 Jul 7;174(24):4637–4650. doi: 10.1111/bph.13894

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© 2017 The Authors. British Journal of Pharmacology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Pharmacological Society.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Model for DKK1 cancer‐promoting activity. DKK1 signals to tumour cells and immune cells, resulting in an immunosuppressive tumour micro‐environment, tumour growth, metastasis, a cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype and immune evasion.