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. 2017 Dec 13;5:17048. doi: 10.1038/boneres.2017.48

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Copyright © 2017 The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Single vessel lengths, vessel density, sprout number, and connection number in ASC-paracrine angiogenesis are regulated by Wnt regulators in vitro. (a) 3D reconstruction showing the morphologies of vessel-like structures regulated by DKK1 and LiCl in ASC-EC co-cultured 3D collagen gels. The regulation of vessel-like structures by DKK1 and LiCl at 7 days (left) and 14 days (right) are shown to be representative of four different experiments (n=4). (b–d) The parameter changes in ASC-paracrine angiogenesis by DKK1 and LiCl. The numbers shown in parentheses indicate images (vascular-like structure diameter (b) and single vessel length (c)) examined in each case, and similar results were observed for four independent experiments (n=4). The analysis of vessel density (d) was performed for least three independent experiments (n=3). *P<0.05; NS, no significant difference. (e) 3D reconstruction showing the sprouts and connections in vessel-like structures regulated by DKK1 and LiCl. The regulation of vessel-like structures by DKK1 and LiCl at 7 days (left) and 14 days (right) are shown to be representative of four different experiments (n=4). (f and g) Sprout number (e) and connection number (f) changes in ASC-paracrine angiogenesis by DKK1 and LiCl. The analyses of sprout number (f) and connection number (g) were performed for at least three independent experiments (n=3). *P<0.05; NS, no significant difference.