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. 2017 Dec 13;7:17510. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17616-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Characterization of the wettability, micro- and nanoscale surface morphologies, and aptamer distribution on different types of paper. (a,b) Surface wettability of different types of paper (i.e., lens paper, commercially-available coffee filter, two brands of chromatography filters (Whatman, Advantec), and A4 printer paper): (a) before and (b) immediately after the addition of a 30 µL droplet of food dye. The coffee filter and chromatography papers had high wettability as the dye permeated the paper immediately, while the lens and printer papers were less wettable, as the droplet retained its form on the paper surfaces. (c,d) Microscale morphology of different types of papers based on representative SEM images: (c) low and (d) high magnification images. (e,f) Nanoscale morphology of different types of paper based on representative AFM images: (e) 2D amplitude and (f) 3D topographical images showing the fibrous structure and nanoscale features of each type of paper. Scale bars represent 0.5 μm. (g) Fluorescence microscopy images showing the distribution of the fluorescently-labeled aptamers on different types of paper. All papers were dipped in 1 μM fluorescently-labeled aptamer solution and dried prior to imaging. All images have the same brightness and contrast to enable visual comparison. Scale bars represent 200 μm. (h) Fluorescence intensity profile as a function of distance and (i) mean fluorescence intensity of each type of aptamer-coated paper, as imaged in (g).