Table II.

Markers of colorectal cancer stem cells.

Author, year	Marker	Function	(Refs.)
Ricci-Vitiani et al, 2007;	CD133	Prominin-1; membrane glycoprotein, present on	(13,177–179)
Botchkina, 2013;		the surface of actively proliferating stem cells;
Haraguchi et al, 2008;		function unknown
Zhu et al, 2009
Manhas et al, 2016;	CD44	P Glycoprotein 1; membrane hyaluronic acid receptor	(2,23,26,178,180)
Vermeulen et al, 2008;
Du et al, 2008;
Haraguchi et al, 2008;
Botchkina et al, 2009
Manhas et al, 2016;	CD166	ALCAM; membrane glycoprotein, adhesion molecule	(2,23,180)
Vermeulen et al, 2008;
Botchkina et al, 2009
Huang et al, 2009;	ALDH1	Aldehyde dehydrogenase, detoxification enzyme, transforms	(16,181)
Zhou et al, 2015		retinol to retinoic acid, which regulates proliferation of cells
Vermeulen et al, 2008	CD29	β1 integrin, adhesion molecule	(23)
Manhas et al, 2016;	CD24	Heat-stable antigen; membrane glycoprotein,	(2,23)
Vermeulen et al, 2008		adhesion molecule
Manhas et al, 2016	ESA	Epithelial specific antigen, EpCAM, CD326; membrane	(2)
		glycoprotein, adhesion and signaling molecule;

ALDH1, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1; ESA, epithelial-specific antigen; ALCAM, activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule; EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule.