Table 4.
Changes in values of body composition, blood pressure, and metabolic factors after intervention.
| Variable | N | Intervention mean ± SD | p value | N | Control mean ± SD | p value | Change in intervention versus control Δ1-Δ2 | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight (kg) | Baseline
Follow-up |
156
156 |
81.67 ± 10.72
80.07 ± 10.50 |
p < 0.001 | 111 | 80.89 ± 12.24
80.51 ± 12.31 |
p = 0.0455 | 1.22 | p < 0.001 |
| Difference | 1.60 ± 2.76 | 0.38 ± 2.03 | |||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | Baseline
Follow-up |
156
156 |
28.21 ± 2.89
27.6 ± 2.8 |
p < 0.001 | 112 | 28.20 ± 3.59
28.04 ± 3.62 |
p = 0.0278 | 0.39 | p < 0.001 |
| Difference | 0.55 ± 0.96 | 112 | 0.16 ± 0.75 | ||||||
| Waist circumference (cm) | Baseline
Follow-up |
155
155 |
98.90 ± 8.58
97.04 ± 8.18 |
p < 0.001 | 111 | 98.89 ± 9.81
99.20 ± 9.81 |
p = 0.1902 | 2.11 | p < 0.001 |
| Difference | 1.87 ± 3.49 | 111 | −0.31 ± 9.81 | ||||||
| Hip circumference (cm) | Baseline
Follow-up |
155
155 |
103.70 ± 5.72
102.46 ± 5.69 |
p < 0.001 | 111 | 103.84 ± 7.83
103.60 ± 8.08 |
p = 0.3222 | 1.00 | p < 0.001 |
| Difference | 1.23 ± 2.94 | 111 | 0.23 ± 2.49 | ||||||
| Waist-hip ratio | Baseline
Follow-up |
155
155 |
0.954 ± 0.062
0.947 ± 0.061 |
p = 0.0239 | 111 | 0.950 ± 0.064
0.955 ± 0.062 |
p = 0.064 | 0.01 | p < 0.001 |
| Difference | 0.007 ± 0.029 | 111 | 0.005 ± 0.028 | ||||||
| Skinfold biceps (mm) | Baseline
Follow-up |
155
155 |
8.69 ± 4.02
6.85 ± 2.95 |
p < 0.001 | 108 | 9.26 ± 3.86
8.31 ± 3.68 |
p < 0.001 | 0.89 | p < 0.001 |
| Difference | 1.84 ± 2.26 | 108 | 0.95 ± 1.57 | ||||||
| Triceps (mm) | Baseline
Follow-up |
155
155 |
16.64 ± 5.69
13.11 ± 5.19 |
p < 0.001 | 108 | 16.33 ± 5.66
15.43 ± 5.41 |
p < 0.001 | 2.64 | p < 0.001 |
| Difference | 3.54 ± 3.67 | 108 | 0.90 ± 2.70 | ||||||
| Subscapular (mm) | Baseline
Follow-up |
155
155 |
22.83 ± 6.15
19.45 ± 4.91 |
p < 0.0001 | 108 | 22.88 ± 6.08
21.87 ± 5.22 |
p < 0.001 | 2.36 | p < 0.001 |
| Difference | 3.38 ± 4.21 | 108 | 1.01 ± 3.35 | ||||||
| Suprailiac (mm) | Baseline
Follow-up |
155
155 |
18.11 ± 6.34
14.35 ± 5.18 |
p < 0.001 | 108 | 18.80 ± 6.76
18.16 ± 6.31 |
p = 0.0601 | 3.12 | p < 0.001 |
| Difference | 3.76 ± 3.79 | 108 | 0.64 ± 3.53 | ||||||
| Central skinfolds (mm)∗ | Baseline
Follow-up |
155
155 |
40.94 ± 12.27
33.8 ± 10.14 |
p < 0.001 | 108 | 41.68 ± 12.93
40.03 ± 11.60 |
p = 0.0102 | 5.40 | p < 0.001 |
| Difference | 7.14 ± 8.00 | 108 | 1.65 ± 6.87 | ||||||
| Peripheral skinfolds (mm)∗∗ | Baseline
Follow-up |
155
155 |
25.29 ± 10.13
19.87 ± 8.19 |
p < 0.001 | 108 | 25.59 ± 9.52
23.74 ± 9.10 |
p < 0.001 | 3.53 | p < 0.001 |
| Difference | 5.42 ± 5.92 | 108 | 1.84 ± 5.92 | ||||||
| ∑4SF skinfolds (mm)∗∗∗ | Baseline
Follow-up |
155
155 |
66.28 ± 18.74
53.77 ± 15.37 |
p < 0.001 | 108 | 67.27 ± 18.84
63.77 ± 17.39 |
p < 0.001 | 9.02 | p < 0.001 |
| Difference | 12.51 ± 10.38 | 108 | 3.50 ± 8.18 | ||||||
| SBP (mmHg) | Baseline
Follow-up |
154
154 |
122.04 ± 13.04
121.39 ± 12.64 |
p = 0.4413 | 100 | 124.67 ± 13.40
124.89 ± 12.87 |
p = 0.8572 | 0.86 | p = 0.5505 |
| Difference | 0.65 ± 10.44 | 100 | −0.22 ± 11.77 | ||||||
| DBP (mmHg) | Baseline
Follow-up |
154
154 |
82.61 ± 8.95
80.29 ± 9.92 |
p < 0.001 | 100 | 83.87 ± 9.86
80.89 ± 7.83 |
p = <0.001 | −0.65 | p = 0.5734 |
| Difference | 2.32 ± 7.57 | 100 | 2.98 ± 9.88 | ||||||
| FBG (mg/dl) | Baseline
Follow-up |
148
148 |
96.52 ± 12.29
93.63 ± 11.64 |
p < 0.001 | 102 | 98.03 ± 10.41
95.77 ± 9.49 |
p < 0.001 | 0.63 | p = 0.4319 |
| Difference | 2.89 ± 6.48 | 102 | 2.26 ± 5.88 | ||||||
| TC (mg/dl) | Baseline
Follow-up |
148
148 |
187.74 ± 36.00
182.96 ± 36.35 |
p = 0.0164 | 102 | 181.63 ± 36.72
184.40 ± 32.11 |
p = 0.2301 | 7.55 | p = 0.0134 |
| Difference | 148 | 4.78 ± 24.17 | 102 | −2.77 ± 23.37 | |||||
| HDL-c (mg/dl) | Baseline
Follow-up |
148
148 |
40.90 ± 9.51
43.10 ± 8.86 |
p < 0.001 | 102 | 40.10 ± 8.32
40.49 ± 8.10 |
p = 0.4179 | −1.81 | p = 0.0051 |
| Difference | −2.20 ± 5.37 | 102 | −0.39 ± 4.79 | ||||||
| LDL-c (mg/dl) | Baseline
Follow-up |
148
148 |
118.00 ± 26.98
116.60 ± 30.54 |
p = 0.4654 | 102 | 117.57 ± 32.38
118.98 ± 29.95 |
p = 0.5419 | 2.81 | p = 0.3498 |
| Difference | 1.40 ± 23.20 | 102 | −1.41 ± 23.42 | ||||||
| TG (mg/dl) | Baseline
Follow-up |
148
148 |
145.74 ± 80.41
134.67 ± 71.09 |
p = 0.0039 | 102 | 137.31 ± 62.48
137.19 ± 64.46 |
p = 0.9681 | 10.95 | p = 0.0218 |
| Difference | 11.07 ± 46.56 | 102 | 0.12 ± 28.85 |
∗Central skinfold is the sum of subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds. ∗∗Peripheral skinfold is the sum of biceps and triceps skinfolds. ∗∗∗∑4SF is the sum of all 4 skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac); SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FBG: fasting blood glucose; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: serum triglycerides.