Table 3.
Factors associated with utilization of outpatient health services
| Variable | Outpatient health services | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Categories | % Utilized | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Health insurance status | Insured | 7.9 | 2.06 (1.9–2.3) | 2.51 (2.3–2.8)b |
| Uninsured | 3.9 | 1 | 1 | |
| Age | 0–4 | 14.3 | 4.11(3.7–4.6) | 2.72 (2.2–3.3)b |
| 5–17 | 4.5 | 1.17 (1.0–1.3) | 1.19 (1.0–1.4) | |
| 18–34 | 3.9 | 1 | 1 | |
| 35–59 | 6.9 | 1.85 (1.7–2.1) | 1.55 (1.4–1.8)b | |
| 60–69 | 8.9 | 2.39 (2.1–2.8) | 1.75 (1.4–2.1)b | |
| 70+ (aged) | 9.8 | 2.67 (2.3–3.1) | 1.67 (1.3–2.1)b | |
| Gender | Male | 5.6 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 7.2 | 1.31 (1.2–1.4) | 1.21 (1.1–1.3)b | |
| Educational level | No education | 7.2 | 1.29 (1.0–1.6) | 1.01 (0.8–1.3) |
| Primary | 4.4 | 0.77 (0.6–0.9) | 0.93 (0.7–1.2) | |
| Secondary | 5.7 | 0.91 (0.7–1.1) | 1.12 (0.9–1.5) | |
| Tertiary | 10.2 | 1 | 1 | |
| Below school going agea | 10.2 | 1.88 (1.5–2.3) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | |
| Religion | Traditional & other | 6.4 | 1.10 (0.94–1.29) | NS |
| Christianity | 6.5 | 1.10 (0.9–1.3) | NS | |
| Islam | 5.9 | 1 | NS | |
| Ethnicity | Kasem | 5.9 | 1 | 1 |
| Nankam | 6.5 | 1.09 (1.0–1.2) | 1.33 (1.2–1.5)b | |
| Buli | 12.5 | 2.24 (1.9–2.7) | 2.91 (2.4–3.6)b | |
| Other | 7.5 | 1.27 (1.0–16) | 0.98 (0.8–1.3) | |
| Location | Rural | 6.2 | 1 | 1 |
| Urban | 7.9 | 1.28 (1.2–1.4) | 1.29 (1.1–1.5)b | |
| Household size | 1 member | 10.7 | 1.83 (1.5–2.2) | 1.36 (1.1–1.8)b |
| 2–4 members | 7.2 | 1.19 (1.1–1.3) | 1.36 (1.1–1.8)b | |
| 5+ members | 6.1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Socio-economic status | Poorest | 6.3 | 1 | 1 |
| Poorer | 6.1 | 0.96 (0.9–1.1) | 0.97 (0.9–1.1) | |
| Poor | 6.2 | 0.98 (0.9–1.1) | 1.10 (0.9–1.2) | |
| Less poor | 6.3 | 1.00 (0.9–1.1) | 1.04 (0.9–1.2) | |
| Least poor | 7.7 | 1.24 (1.1–1.4) | 1.23 (1.0–1.4) | |
| Recent illness or injury | Yes | 42.9 | 34.14 (31.3–37.2) | 32.4 (29.4–35.8)b |
| No | 3.8 | 1 | 1 | |
| Self-assessed health status | Poor or very poor | 25.8 | 5.49 (6.5–8.9) | 2.08 (1.7–2.5)b |
| Good or very good | 5.9 | 1 | 1 | |
| Don’t know | 5.2 | 0.87 (0.62–1.2) | 0.89 (0.6–1.3) | |
| Chronic medication | Yes | 32.9 | 7.58 (6.5–8.9) | 2.79 (2.2–3.5)b |
| No | 93.9 | 1 | 1 | |
| Don’t Know | 7.4 | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | 0.82 (0.3–1.9) | |
The reference group for the calculation of the odds ratio (OR) is indicated by one
NS not significant in both bivariate and multivariate analyses
aRepresenting infants who have not yet attained school going age in order to be in school
bSignificant in multivariate analyses