Fig 1. Detection of circulating Tfh cell subsets by flow cytometry.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from patients with immunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgAV) (n = 30) and age and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs; n = 15), labeled with fluorophore-conjugated antibodies, and analyzed by flow cytometry. A gating strategy was used to identify CD3⁺CD4⁺ T helper (Th) and CD4⁺CXCR5⁺CD45RA⁻, CD45RA⁻CXCR3⁺CCR6⁻, CD45RA⁻CXCR3⁻CCR6⁻, CD45RA⁻CXCR3⁻CCR6⁺, and CD45RA⁻CXCR3⁺CCR6⁺ follicular helper T (Tfh) cell subsets.