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. 2017 Dec 6;34(1):68–75. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000507

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Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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Production of CCL4/MIP-1β in LPS/PHA-activated WB cultures from patients with acute and chronic LBP and asymptomatic participants (Control) at baseline (Time 1) and after 2 weeks during which the patients received SMT treatments (Time 2). The statistical significance of differences is apparent in (A) the baseline levels (Time 1, →) of CCL4 production between all study groups (P<0.0001, Scheffe’s test) and (B) SMT-related changes (Time 2, →) in acute LPB group versus time-related changes in the asymptomatic control group (P<0.0001, Kruskal-Wallis test). The means of chemokine production in all study groups are also shown (—). CCL indicates CC chemokine ligand; LBP, low back pain; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein; PHA, phytohemagglutinin; SMT, spinal manipulative therapy; WB, whole blood.