Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with HF and lung disease, stratified by HFrEF or HFpEF status and use of beta-blocker therapy.
| Reduced EF N=986 |
β-blocker N=757 |
No β-blocker N=229 |
p-values | Preserved EF N=1428 |
β-blocker N=705 |
No β-blocker N=723 |
p-values | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr, mean (SD) | 71.0 | 13.4 | 69 | 13.3 | 77.7 | 11.1 | <0.001 | 74.4 | 12.1 | 73.2 | 11.9 | 75.6 | 12.3 | <0.001 |
| Age categories | n | % | n | % | n | % | <0.001 | n | % | n | % | n | % | <0.001 |
| Age <45 | 44 | 4.5 | 41 | 5.4 | 3 | 1.3 | 24 | 1.7 | 13 | 1.8 | 11 | 1.5 | ||
| Age 45–54 | 91 | 9.2 | 84 | 11.1 | 7 | 3.1 | 76 | 5.3 | 43 | 6.1 | 33 | 4.6 | ||
| Age 55–64 | 171 | 17.3 | 150 | 19.8 | 21 | 9.2 | 214 | 15 | 112 | 15.9 | 102 | 14.1 | ||
| Age 65–74 | 239 | 24.2 | 198 | 26.2 | 41 | 17.9 | 342 | 23.9 | 200 | 28.4 | 142 | 19.6 | ||
| Age 75–84 | 314 | 31.8 | 210 | 27.7 | 104 | 45.4 | 488 | 34.2 | 227 | 32.2 | 261 | 36.1 | ||
| Age ≥ 85 | 127 | 12.9 | 74 | 9.8 | 53 | 23.1 | 284 | 19.9 | 110 | 15.6 | 174 | 24.1 | ||
| Female gender | 406 | 41.2 | 320 | 42.3 | 86 | 37.6 | 0.2 | 861 | 60.3 | 423 | 60 | 438 | 60.6 | 0.82 |
| Race | 0.11 | 0.02 | ||||||||||||
| White | 736 | 74.6 | 559 | 73.8 | 177 | 77.3 | 1112 | 77.9 | 553 | 78.4 | 559 | 77.3 | ||
| Black/African Am. | 87 | 8.8 | 75 | 9.9 | 12 | 5.2 | 104 | 7.3 | 55 | 7.8 | 49 | 6.8 | ||
| Asian | 48 | 4.9 | 39 | 5.2 | 9 | 3.9 | 50 | 3.5 | 29 | 4.1 | 21 | 2.9 | ||
| Native Hawaiian | 5 | 0.5 | 5 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Other | 2 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.3 | 4 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Missing/Unknown | 108 | 11.0 | 77 | 10.2 | 31 | 13.5 | 156 | 10.9 | 62 | 8.8 | 94 | 13 | ||
| Medical History | ||||||||||||||
| Prevalent HF | 424 | 43.0 | 285 | 37.6 | 139 | 60.7 | <0.001 | 785 | 55 | 345 | 48.9 | 440 | 60.9 | <0.001 |
| AMI | 34 | 3.4 | 22 | 2.9 | 12 | 5.2 | 0.09 | 44 | 3.1 | 14 | 2 | 30 | 4.1 | 0.02 |
| Unstable angina | 8 | 0.8 | 6 | 0.8 | 2 | 0.9 | 0.91 | 31 | 2.2 | 14 | 2 | 17 | 2.4 | 0.64 |
| CABG | 9 | 0.9 | 7 | 0.9 | 2 | 0.9 | 0.94 | 23 | 1.6 | 12 | 1.7 | 11 | 1.5 | 0.79 |
| PCI | 29 | 2.9 | 17 | 2.2 | 12 | 5.2 | 0.02 | 39 | 2.7 | 20 | 2.8 | 19 | 2.6 | 0.81 |
| Stroke/TIA | 41 | 4.2 | 27 | 3.6 | 14 | 6.1 | 0.09 | 88 | 6.2 | 34 | 4.8 | 54 | 7.5 | 0.04 |
| Other thromboembolic event | 5 | 0.5 | 3 | 0.4 | 2 | 0.9 | 0.37 | 13 | 0.9 | 6 | 0.9 | 7 | 1 | 0.82 |
| AF or flutter | 248 | 25.2 | 171 | 22.6 | 77 | 33.6 | 0.001 | 536 | 37.5 | 242 | 34.3 | 294 | 40.7 | 0.01 |
| V tach or V fib | 28 | 2.8 | 17 | 2.2 | 11 | 4.8 | 0.04 | 16 | 1.1 | 4 | 0.6 | 12 | 1.7 | 0.05 |
| Mitral and/or AV disease | 166 | 16.8 | 110 | 14.5 | 56 | 24.5 | <0.001 | 353 | 24.7 | 153 | 21.7 | 200 | 27.7 | 0.009 |
| PAD | 60 | 6.1 | 40 | 5.3 | 20 | 8.7 | 0.06 | 104 | 7.3 | 48 | 6.8 | 56 | 7.7 | 0.5 |
| Rheumatic heart | 16 | 1.6 | 9 | 1.2 | 7 | 3.1 | 0.05 | 63 | 4.4 | 24 | 3.4 | 39 | 5.4 | 0.07 |
| ICD | 33 | 3.3 | 23 | 3 | 10 | 4.4 | 0.3274 | 5 | 0.4 | 3 | 0.4 | 2 | 0.3 | 0.63 |
| Pacemaker | 45 | 4.6 | 27 | 3.6 | 18 | 7.9 | 0.006 | 67 | 4.7 | 31 | 4.4 | 36 | 5 | 0.6 |
| Dyslipidemia | 523 | 53.0 | 402 | 53.1 | 121 | 52.8 | 0.94 | 790 | 55.3 | 412 | 58.4 | 378 | 52.3 | 0.02 |
| Hypertension | 599 | 60.8 | 460 | 60.8 | 139 | 60.7 | 0.99 | 1043 | 73 | 514 | 72.9 | 529 | 73.2 | 0.91 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 236 | 23.9 | 173 | 22.9 | 63 | 27.5 | 0.15 | 340 | 23.8 | 162 | 23 | 178 | 24.6 | 0.47 |
| Hospitalized bleeds | 40 | 4.1 | 22 | 2.9 | 18 | 7.9 | 0.001 | 101 | 7.1 | 31 | 4.4 | 70 | 9.7 | <0.001 |
| Dx dementia | 58 | 5.9 | 33 | 4.4 | 25 | 10.9 | <0.001 | 118 | 8.3 | 54 | 7.7 | 64 | 8.9 | 0.41 |
| Dx depression | 170 | 17.2 | 130 | 17.2 | 40 | 17.5 | 0.92 | 325 | 22.8 | 161 | 22.8 | 164 | 22.7 | 0.94 |
| Liver disease | 43 | 4.4 | 33 | 4.4 | 10 | 4.4 | 0.99 | 77 | 5.4 | 39 | 5.5 | 38 | 5.3 | 0.82 |
| Fall | 18 | 1.8 | 10 | 1.3 | 8 | 3.5 | 0.03 | 65 | 4.6 | 25 | 3.5 | 40 | 5.5 | 0.07 |
| Systemic cancer | 76 | 7.7 | 58 | 7.7 | 18 | 7.9 | 0.92 | 131 | 9.2 | 63 | 8.9 | 68 | 9.4 | 0.76 |
Native Hawaiian includes Other Pacific Islanders
HF = Heart failure; AMI = Acute myocardial infraction; CABG= Coronary artery bypass graft surgery; PCI= Percutaneous coronary intervention; TIA = Transient ischemic attack; AF = Atrial fibrillation; V tach/V fib = Ventricular tachycardia/Ventricular fibrillation; AV = Aortic valve; PAD = Peripheral arterial disease; ICD = Implantable cardioverter defibrillator; Dx = Diagnosed