Table 1.

Risks and Benefits Considered Across Levels of Analysis

	Risks	Benefits
Individual	Individual-level privacy violation Distress Violation of right to freely participate (i.e., coercion) Violation of right to decide whether one’s personal information is used in research (i.e., secondary subjects concerns)	Individual-level tangible incentive (e.g., money, class credit) Individual-level intangible incentive (e.g., increased understanding of research process, satisfaction of contributing to broader knowledge)
Group	Group-level privacy violation (e.g., identifiability of group to consumers of research), resulting in harm to nonparticipants’ relationships, or decreased group cohesion, reduced trust of researchers/interventionists Findings leveraged against group Group members participate but group does not receive tangible incentive	Group-level tangible incentive (e.g., money) Group-level intangible incentive (e.g., recognition from system for having participated)
System	Findings leveraged against system Findings fail to reflect marginalized groups within system	System recognized for contributing to broader knowledge
Society	Failure to contribute to knowledge on social problem Failure to ameliorate social problem	Contribution to broader knowledge Amelioration of social problem