eTable 1. Characteristics of studies and patients included in meta-analysis.
| Main author (year) | Ref. | Fracture location | Reference standard |
No. of patients |
No. of bones examined |
Fractures, % (no.) |
Age in years, mean ± SD (age range)* |
Female/male, % |
| Engin (2000) | (9) | Sternum (adults) | X-ray | 23 | 23 | 73.9 (17) | 35.4 (18 to 75) | 17/83 |
| Hubner (2000) | (10) | Mixed, extremities, skull, clavicle (children) | X-ray | 163 | 224 | 57.6 (129) | N/A | N/A |
| Munk (2000) | (e7) | Scaphoid (adults) | X-ray + radiological follow-up examination | 57 | 57 | 17.5 (10) | 38 (13 to 82) | 46/54 |
| Williamson (2000) | (e8) | Forearm (children) | X-ray | 26 | 26 | 61.5 (16) | 8 (2 to 13) | 38/62 |
| Herneth (2001) | (e9) | Scaphoid (adults) | MRI | 15 | 15 | 60.0 (9) | 23.5 (15.8 to 55.2) | 53/47 |
| Dulchavsky (2002) | (11) | Mixed, extremities (adults) | X-ray | 95 | 158 | 34.8 (55) | N/A | 18/82 |
| Pistor (2003) | (12) | Elbow, humerus (children) | X-ray | 25 | 25 | 60.0 (15) | N/A | N/A |
| Marshburn (2004) | (6) | Humerus, femur (adults) | X-ray or CT | 58 | 58 | 48.3 (28) | 79 (28 to 97) | N/A |
| Rainer (2004) | (13) | Sternum, ribs | Radiological follow-up examination | 88 | 88 | 86.4 (76) | 51 ± 19 | 41/59 |
| Bonnefoy (2006) | (e10) | Knee (adults) | CT (+ MRI in one case) | 48 | 48 | 64.6 (31) | 36.3 (14 to 88) | 23/77 |
| Tomer (2006) | (14) | Mixed, extremities (adults) | X-ray | 50 | 50 | 54.0 (27) | 44 ± 20 | N/A |
| Chen (2007) | (15) | Forearm (children) | X-ray | 68 | 136 | 47.8 (65) | 10 (2 to 21) | 40/60 |
| Tayal (2007) | (e11) | Hand (adults) | X-ray or intraoperative findings | 78 | 78 | 39.7 (31) | 34 ± 14 | 45/55 |
| McNeil (2009) | (16) | Mixed, extremities (adults) | X-ray or clinical follow-up examination | 44 | 44 | 22.7 (10) | N/A | N/A |
| Patel (2009) | (17) | Mixed, extremities (children) | X-ray | 33 | 66 | 59.1 (39) | 9.1 ± 3.1 | 67/33 |
| Ackermann (2010) | (7) | Forearm (children) | X-ray | 93 | 186 | 41.4 (77) | 8.1 (0 to 12) | 53/47 |
| Ackermann (2010) | (18) | Humerus (children) | X-ray | 33 | 33 | 54.5 (18) | 7.6 (0 to 12) | 58/42 |
| Cross (2010) | (19) | Clavicle (children) | X-ray | 100 | 100 | 43.0 (43) | 9.1 ± 3.1 | 25/75 |
| Weinberg (2010) | (e12) | Mixed, extremities, skull, sternum, ribs, clavicle (children) | X-ray (+ CT for skull) | 212 | 348 | 23.6 (82) | 13 (IQR 10) | N/A |
| You (2010) | (e13) | Sternum (adults) | Clinical consensus of review board | 36 | 36 | 66.7 (24) | 43 (8 to 78) | 47/53 |
| Abi (2011) | (e14) | Mixed, extremities (children) | Clinical consensus + radiological follow-up examination | 50 | 53 | 66.0 (35) | N/A | N/A |
| Canagasabey (2011) | (20) | Foot and ankle (adults) | X-ray | 110 | 110 | 10.0 (11) | 31.8 ± 12.7 | 41/59 |
| Chaar-Alvarez (2011) | (e15) | Forearm (children) | X-ray | 101 | 101 | 45.5 (46) | 10.3 ± 4.3 | 43/57 |
| Chien (2011) | (21) | Clavicle (children) | X-ray | 58 | 58 | 89.7 (52) | 7.4 (0.25 to 16) | 34/66 |
| Sinha (2011) | (22) | Mixed, extremities | X-ray | 133 | 169 | 24.9 (42) | 29.8 (7 to 70) | 28/72 |
| Barata (2012) | (e16) | Mixed, extremities, clavicle (children) | X-ray | 53 | 98 | 43.9 (43) | 10.2 ± 3.8 | 43/57 |
| Beltrame (2012) | (23) | Mixed, extremities, skull, sternum, ribs, clavicle | X-ray | 86 | 86 | 59.8 (55) | 53 (7 to 88) | 53/47 |
| Eckert (2012) | (24) | Forearm (children) | X-ray | 115 | 230 | 34.3 (79) | 9.1 (2 to 14) | 44/56 |
| Eckert (2013) | (25) | Elbow (children) | X-ray | 67 | 67 | 70.1 (47) | 6 (1 to 13) | 48/52 |
| Ekinci (2013) | (e17) | Ankle and foot (adults) | X-ray | 131 | 131 | 15.3 (20) | 37.2 ± 15.44 | 51/49 |
| Rabiner (2013) | (e18) | Elbow (children) | X-ray + radiological follow-up examination in unclear cases | 130 | 130 | 33.1 (43) | 7.5 ± 5.4 | 45/55 |
| Waterbrook (2013) | (26) | Mixed, extremities, clavicle | X-ray | 103 | 143 | 28.7 (41) | 34 ± 20 | 50/50 |
| Atilla (2014) | (27) | Ankle and foot (adults) | X-ray + CT (if requested) | 246 | 330 | 23.9 (79) | 37 (IQR 19) | 57/43 |
| Eckert (2014) | (28) | Elbow (children) | X-ray + radiological or clinical follow-up examination in unclear cases | 79 | 79 | 48.1 (38) | 6.5 (1 to 13) | N/A |
| Eckert (2014) | (29) | Humerus (children) | X-ray | 106 | 106 | 56.6 (60) | 5.9 (1 to 13) | 44/56 |
| Javadzadeh (2014) | (30) | Forearm, hand (adults) | X-ray | 260 | 289 | 39.1 (113) | 42.63 ± 12.7 | 43/57 |
| Neri (2014) | (31) | Hand (children) | X-ray | 204 | 204 | 38.7 (79) | 12 ± 3 | 35/65 |
| Yesilaras (2014) | (32) | Foot (adults) | X-ray | 84 | 84 | 40.5 (34) | 36 ± 15 | 57/43 |
| Aksay (2015) | (e19) | Hand (adults) | X-ray | 81 | 81 | 48.1 (39) | 28 (IQR 19 to 35) | 14/86 |
| Dallaudière (2015) | (33) | Mixed, extremities, ribs, scapula, clavicle (adults) | X-ray | 81 | 81 | 71.6 (58) | 40.6 ± 9.9 | 2/98 |
| Herren (2015) | (e20) | Forearm (children) | X-ray | 201 | 402 | 27.4 (110) | N/A | 34/66 |
| Kozaci (2015) | (34) | Forearm | X-ray | 83 | 83 | 66.3 (55) | M: 13 ± 14/F: 15 ± 13 | 22/78 |
| Kozaci (2015) | (35) | Hand | X-ray | 66 | 66 | 54.5 (36) | 24 ± 10 | 11/89 |
| Musa (2015) | (36) | Mixed, extremities | X-ray | 97 | 97 | 61.9 (60) | N/A | N/A |
| Aksay (2016) | (37) | Hand (adults) | X-ray | 119 | 119 | 24.4 (29) | 27 (IQR 16 to 36) | 39/61 |
| Kilic (2016) | (38) | Patella (adults) | X-ray + CT (if findings are unclear) | 92 | 92 | 16.3 (15) | 37.5 (IQR 29.5) | 40/60 |
| Kocaoğlu (2016) | (39) | Hand (adults) | X-ray | 96 | 98 | 40.8 (40) | 30.1 ± 11.8 | N/A |
| Tollefson (2016) | (40) | Foot and ankle (adults) | X-ray | 50 | 50 | 42.0 (21) | 35 | 46/54 |
CT: Computed tomography; (adults): Studies involving adult patients only; IQR: Interquartile range; N/A: Information not available in publication; (children): Studies involving children and adolescents only; X-ray: X-ray images taken in various planes and using various techniques for various fracture locations; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; SD: Standard deviation
*Age range stated where either IQR or standard deviation was unavailable.