Table 2. Post-translational modifications of BAX.
| Modification and residue | Modified by | Functional consequence | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phosphorylation S184 (H9) | AKT | Inactivates BAX, prevents translocation from cytosol to mitochondria | 2004 | 14766748 |
| 2005 | 15642728 | |||
| 2009 | 19376889 | |||
| Activates BAX, promotes mitochondrial localization and MOMP | 2016 | 26763134 | ||
| 2016 | 28357332 | |||
| PKC-zeta | Inactivates and destabilizes BAX | 2007 | 17525161 | |
| Phosphorylation S163 (H8-H9 loop) | GSK-3P | Activates BAX by increased targeting to mitochondria | 2004 | 15525785 |
| Phosphorylation T167 (H8-H9 loop) | JNK and p38 | Phosphorylation inactivates BAX Inhibits apoptosis | 2006 | 16709574 |
| Phosphorylation T135 or T140 (H6) | Unknown | Unknown. Observed in a pre-malignant (AT1), but not a malignant cell line (CA1a) | 2009 | 19194518 |
| Phosphorylation T22(H1) | Unknown | HTS, needs validation | 2011 | 21712546 |
| Phosphorylation T85 (H3-H4 loop) | Unknown | 2015 | 25814448 | |
| Dephosphorylation T172, T174, T186 | WIP1 | Downregulates BAX. Inhibits apoptosis | 2013 | 23907458 |
| Dephosphorylation | PP2A | Promotes apoptosis | 2006 | 16679323 |
| Cleavage G28/G29 (H1) | Calpain | Releases C-terminal BAX lacking amino acids 129 of the N-terminus, increases its apoptotic activity by unknown mechanism Promotes apoptosis | 2003 | 12490315 |
| PolyUbiquitination non-specific site (9 lysines in BAX) | unknown | Inhibits apoptosis targets BAX for proteasomal degradation | 1998 | 9438391 |
| 2000 | 10725400 | |||
| PARKIN | 2012 | 22460798 | ||
| IBRDC2 | 2010 | 20300062 |
Reported post-translational modifications (PTMs) of BAX. Helix in BAX where modification takes place is indicated (H#). Only phosphorylation of S184 and ubiquitination of BAX have been independently confirmed by multiple labs (shaded). Where the same functional consequence is reported in multiple studies rows were merged for clarity. The functional consequence of S184 phosphorylation is controversial as it has been reported that it either activates or inhibits BAX. The corresponding publication year and Pubmed ID (PMID) are listed for each study