Table 1. Participant characteristics by NHANES survey cycle (N= 14,127).
| Overall | 2003/2004 (N= 2279) |
2005/2006 (N= 2285) |
2007/2008 (N= 2355) |
2009/2010 (N= 2679) |
2011/2012 (N= 2214) |
2013/2014 (N= 2315) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) - mean (SE) | 39.9 (0.3) | 39.3 (0.6) | 39.6 (0.9) | 40.0 (0.6) | 40.1 (0.8) | 40.1 (1.0) | 40.4 (0.4) |
| Sex- % female (SE) | 50.6 (0.01) | 51.1 (1.3) | 50.2 (1.6) | 50.7 (1.3) | 50.9 (0.9) | 50.8 (0.9) | 50.0 (1.0) |
| Race/ethnicity - % (SE) | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 67.4 (0.1) | 71.3 (4.2) | 70.7 (3.1) | 68.3 (3.6) | 65.3 (3.3) | 65.1 (3.8) | 64.1 (3.8) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 11.8 (0.01) | 11.7 (2.2) | 11.7 (1.9) | 12.3 (2.0) | 12.0 (1.0) | 12.1 (2.4) | 11.2 (1.8) |
| Mexican-American | 9.4 (0.01) | 8.6 (2.4) | 8.8 (1.2) | 9.1 (1.9) | 10.0 (2.1) | 9.1 (2.1) | 10.7 (2.2) |
| Other, including multiple | 11.4 (0.01) | 8.4 (1.4) | 8.8 (1.5) | 10.3 (1.8) | 12.7 (1.9) | 13.7 (1.4) | 14.0 (1.3) |
| Education - % (SE) | |||||||
| <High school (HS) | 18.0 (0.01) | 18.0 (1.7) | 17.9 (1.6) | 20.7 (2.1) | 18.8 (1.1) | 17.8 (2.1) | 15.0 (1.5) |
| HS or equivalent | 23.9 (0.01) | 28.7 (1.2) | 24.9 (1.3) | 25.1 (1.5) | 23.0 (1.3) | 20.1 (2.0) | 22.2 (1.5) |
| >HS | 58.1 (0.01) | 53.3 (1.8) | 57.2 (2.1) | 54.3 (2.4) | 58.2 (1.3) | 62.1 (3.3) | 62.8 (1.8) |
| Smoking - % (SE) | |||||||
| Never | 58.2 (0.01) | 53.8 (1.8) | 56.0 (1.5) | 56.7 (1.8) | 58.8 (2.0) | 59.9 (1.3) | 63.8 (1.8) |
| Former | 19.2 (0.01) | 19.0 (0.9) | 19.4 (1.4) | 19.3 (1.1) | 18.1 (1.3) | 18.7 (1.0) | 20.8 (1.4) |
| Current | 22.6 (0.01) | 27.3 (1.9) | 24.6 (1.3) | 24.0 (1.5) | 23.2 (1.2) | 21.3 (1.3) | 15.4 (1.0) |
| BMI - mean (SE) | 27.2 (0.10) | 27.0 (0.2) | 27.0 (0.3) | 26.8 (0.2) | 27.2 (0.2) | 27.3 (0.3) | 27.7 (0.3) |
| Poultry past 24-hr - % (SE)1 | 40.5 (0.01) | 43.4 (2.1) | 44.1 (1.5) | 39.8 (1.5) | 39.5 (1.3) | 39.4 (2.6) | 37.4 (1.6) |
| Rice past 24-hr - % (SE)1 | 19.9 (0.01) | 22.0 (1.8) | 22.6 (1.4) | 21.7 (1.7) | 24.4 (1.5) | 15.2 (1.2) | 13.8 (1.0) |
| Juice past 24-hr - % (SE)1 | 12.3 (0.01) | 12.8 (1.4) | 13.0 (1.0) | 13.1 (0.8) | 12.8 (0.6) | 13.2 (0.8) | 8.7 (0.7) |
| Wine past 24-hr - % (SE)1 | 6.9 (0.01) | 5.6 (0.9) | 7.3 (0.9) | 6.3 (1.1) | 6.3 (0.8) | 8.2 (1.5) | 7.4 (0.8) |
| Cereal past 24-hr - % (SE)1 | 25.3 (0.01) | 22.6 (1.3) | 27.3 (1.2) | 26.6 (1.5) | 27.1 (1.5) | 24.8 (1.3) | 23.4 (1.1) |
| Urine arsenobetaine (µg/L)2 | 0.84 (0.48, 4.98) | 1.02 (0.30, 5.10) | 1.54 (0.28, 6.79) | 0.70 (0.28, 4.18) | 0.94 (0.28, 6.18) | 0.84 (0.84, 4.39) | 0.82 (0.82, 3.58) |
| Public water - % (SE)3 | 70.3 (0.01) | 83.5 (0.04) | 64.5 (0.04) | 69.6 (0.02) | 68.2 (0.04) | 68.3 (0.03) | 72.6 (0.03) |
| Well water - % (SE)4 | 12.7 (0.01) | 12.8 (0.03) | 17.6 (0.04) | 12.3 (0.02) | 12.0 (0.03) | 12.1 (0.02) | 9.4 (0.02) |
| Urine DMA (µg/L)2 | 2.63 (1.56, 4.22) | 2.77 (1.69, 4.28) | 2.83 (1.82, 4.44) | 2.88 (1.71, 4.49) | 2.61 (1.53, 4.46) | 2.44 (3.99, 1.39) | 2.28 (1.39, 3.69) |
| Urine total arsenic (µg/L)2 | 4.07 (2.69, 6.12) | 4.51 (2.99, 6.56) | 4.39 (2.99, 6.77) | 4.67 (3.29, 7.19) | 4.64 (6.97, 3.23) | 3.31 (2.17, 4.80) | 3.16 (1.99, 4.66) |
SE = standard error of the mean. All percentages are weighted to account for NHANES complex sampling design and survey weights.
1
Consumers of poultry, rice, juice, wine, cereal, and seafood are defined as those consuming >0.4g/kgBW of that FCID commodity during the 24-hr dietary recall. Poultry was defined as chicken and/or turkey.
2
Arsenobetaine, DMA (dimethylarsinate) and total arsenic are median (interquartile range). DMA and total arsenic are recalibrated to remove contribution of dietary and smoking sources of arsenic.
3
Participants who reported their primary tap water source is from a "community supply."
4
Participants who reported their primary tap water source is from a "well or rain cistern."