An expanded phylogeny for the genus Phytophthora

. 2017 Nov 21;8(2):355–384. doi: 10.5598/imafungus.2017.08.02.09

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Fig. 7. — Illustration of hypotheses on evolution of *Phytophthora* and associated changes in sporangial papillation: (a) species producing papillate sporangia evolved from non-papillate ancestors. Semi-papillation is considered as intermediate between non-papillation and papillation (Blackwell 1949, Cooke *et al*. 2000, Erwin & Ribeiro 1996); (b) some semi-papillate species, exemplified by *P. primulae* in the group III of Waterhouse (1963), are primitive and evolved to be non-papillate and papillate through two evolutionary paths, by Brasier (1983); (c) papillate species evolved from non-papillate ancestors. Semi-papillate species have been considered as morphological variants of papillate or non-papillate species, by Cooke *et al*. (2000); (d) a new hypothesis developed in this study that non-papillate ancestors evolved directly to either papillate or semi-papillate species. Some semi-papillate species further evolved to be papillate, or vice versa.

Fig. 7.