Table 2.
Summary of recombinant subunit vaccine studies for STHs
| Immunogen | Adjuvant (animal used) | Significant immune responses | Vaccine efficacy (significant findings)a | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rAc-MTP-1 | AS02 (beagles) Quil-A (hamsters) |
IgG2 Total IgG |
FECs and burdens negatively correlated with IgG2 43% lower FECs |
Hotez et al. (2003) Mendez et al. (2005) |
| rAc-ASP-2 | AS03 (beagles) Quil-A (hamsters) |
IgG1; IgG2; IgE Total IgG |
69% lower FECs; 26% lower burdens 56% lower FECs, 32% lower burdens |
Bethony et al. (2005) Mendez et al. (2005) |
| rAcey-MTP-1/ rAcey-ASP-2 | Quil-A (hamsters) | Total IgG | 59% lower FECs; 36% lower burdens | Mendez et al. (2005) |
| rAc-16 | AS03 (beagles) | IgG1; IgG2; IgE; IFN-γ w/o IL-4 or IL-10 in PBCs | Significantly less blood loss; 63% lower FECs | Fujiwara et al. (2007) |
| rNa-ASP-2 | Alhydrogel (humans) | Total IgG w/o IgE; proliferation of PBMCs | Generalized urticarial reactions in Phase I clinical trials | Bethony et al. (2008), Diemert et al. (2012) |
| rAc-CP-2 | AS02 (beagles) AS03 (beagles) ISA70 (beagles) Alum (beagles) |
IgG1; IgG2; IgE IgG1; IgG2; IgE IgG1; IgG2; IgE IgG1; IgG2; IgE |
~60% lower FECs ~60% lower FECs ~60% lower FECs ~60% lower FECs |
Loukas et al. (2004) |
| rAc-APR-1 | AS03 (beagles) Alhydrogel (hamsters) |
IgG1; IgG2; IgE; IFN-γ and proliferation of PBCs not evaluated |
Significantly less blood loss; 70% lower FECs; 33% lower burdens 44% lower burdens |
Loukas et al. (2005) Xiao et al. (2008) |
| rAc-GST-1 | AS03 (beagles) Alhydrogel (hamsters) Alhydrogel (hamsters) |
IgG1; IgG2; IFN-γ and proliferation in PBCs not evaluated not evaluated |
32% lower FECs; 39% lower burdensb 54% lower burdens 51% lower burdens |
Zhan et al. (2005) Zhan et al. (2005) Xiao et al. (2008) |
| Acey-MEP-6 | pcDNA3·1+; Fugene 6 (hamsters) | Not evaluated | Marginally less blood loss and burdens | Wisniewski et al. (2013) |
| Acey-MEP-7 | pcDNA3·1+; Fugene 6 (hamsters) | Total IgG | 75% lower FECs; 50% lower burdens | Wisniewski et al. (2016) |
| Ss-tmy-1 | Lambda Uni-zap XR vector; GM-CSF (mice) | Total IgG | None | Kerepesi et al. (2005) |
| Ss-eat-6 | Lambda Uni-zap XR vector; GM-CSF (mice) | Total IgG | 35% lower L3 survival within installed diffusion chambers | Kerepesi et al. (2005) |
| Ss-lec-5 | Lambda Uni-zap XR vector; GM-CSF (mice) | None | None | Kerepesi et al. (2005) |
| Ss-tmy-1/Ss-eat-6/Ss-lec-5 | Lambda Uni-zap XR vector; GM-CSF (mice) | Total IgG | None | Kerepesi et al. (2005) |
| rSs-TMY-1 | Alum (mice) | Total IgG | None | Abraham et al. (2011) |
| rSs-EAT-6 | Alum (mice) | Total IgG | None | Abraham et al. (2011) |
| rSs-LEC-5 | Alum (mice) | Total IgG | None | Abraham et al. (2011) |
| rSs-NEI-1 | Alum (mice) | Total IgG | None | Abraham et al. (2011) |
| rSs-IR | Alum (mice) | Total IgG | 80% lower L3 survival within installed diffusion chambers | Abraham et al. (2011) |
| rSr-HSP60 | CFA (rats) Alum (rats) none (rats) |
IgM; IgG1; IgG2b; IgG2c; IFN-γ w/o IL-13 or proliferation in SCs IgM; IgG1; IgG2b; IgG2c; IL-13 and proliferation in SCs w/o IFN-γ IgM; IgG1; IgG2b; IgG2c; IFN-γ w/o IL-13 or proliferation in SCs |
Slightly higher burdens 67% lower burdens Slightly higher burdens |
Ben Nouir et al. (2012) |
| rHc-H11 | bac (sheep) | Antibody response | 30% lower burdens | Reszka et al. (2007) |
| rHc-MEP1 | GST-fusion; Quil-A (sheep) | Antibody response | None | Smith et al. (2003) |
| rHc-MEP3 | GST-fusion; Quil-A (sheep) | Antibody response | None | Smith et al. (2003) |
| rHc-hmcp-1/rHc-hmcp-4/rHc-hmcp-6 | E. coli extract; GST-fusion; Quil-A (sheep) | Total IgG | 38% lower burdens | Redmond and Knox, (2004) |
| rOo-ASP-1 | Quil-A (cattle) | Antibody response | None | Geldhof et al. (2008) |
| rOo-PA | Quil-A (cattle) | Mucosal IgG1; mucosal IgG2 | None | Vercauteren et al. (2004) |
| rTci-CF-1/rTci-MEP-1/rTci-ES20/ rTci-ASP-1/rTci-SAA-1/rTci-MIF-1/ rTci-APY-1/rTci-TGH | Quil-A (sheep) | IgG; IgA; mucosal IgG; mucosal IgA | 70% lower FECs; 55% lower burdens | Nisbet et al. (2013) |
| rAs14 | CTB (mice) | IgG1; IgE; mucosal IgA | 60% lower larval burdens in the lungs | Tsuji et al. (2001) |
| rAs16 | CTB (mice) CTB (pigs) |
IgG1; IgG2a; IgG3; IgE; IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-10 w/o IL-4 in SCs IgG1; IgE; mucosal IgA; IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 in PBMCs |
>60% lower larval burdens in the lungs >60% lower larval burdens in the lungs |
Tsuji et al. (2003) Tsuji et al. (2004) |
| rAs24 | CFA (mice) | IgG1; IgG2a; IgG2b; IFN-γ and IL-10 w/o IL-4 in SCs | 58% lower larval burdens in the lungs | Islam et al. (2005a) |
| rAs37 | CFA (mice) | Total IgG | none | Tsuji et al. (2002) |
| rAs-PPase | TiterMax Gold (mice) | IgG1; IL-10 w/o IFN-γ, IL-2 or IL-4 in SCs | >70% lower larval burdens in the lungs | Islam et al. (2005b) |
| AsEnol | pVEX I vector (mice) | Total IgG; IFN-γ and proliferation in SCs | 44% lower larval burdens in the lungs | Chen et al. (2012) |
| rBs-Ag1 | CFA (mice) | Total IgG | >60% lower larval burdens in the lungs | He et al. (2012) |
| rBs-Ag2 | CFA (mice) | Total IgG | >60% lower larval burdens in the lungs | He et al. (2009) |
| rBs-Ag3 | CFA (mice) | Total IgG | >60% lower larval burdens in the lungs | Wang et al. (2008) |
| rBs-PYP-1 | CFA (mice) | IgG1; IL-4 and IL-10 w/o IFN-γ or IL-2 in SCs | 70% lower larval burdens in the lungs | Xie et al. (2013) |
| Ts87 | S. enterica Typhimurium (mice) | IgG1; IgG2a; mucosal IgA; IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-4 in SCs | ~30% lower burdens | Yang et al. (2010b) |
| TsGp43 | S. enterica Typhimurium (mice) | IgG1; IgG2a; IFN-γ and IL-5 in SCs and mLNs | ~50% lower burdens | Pompa-Mera et al. (2011) |
| TsPmy | S. enterica Typhimurium (mice) | IgG1; IgG2a; mucosal IgA; IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10 in SCs and mLNs | ~45% lower burdens | Wang et al. (2016) |
| Ts-NBLsp | pcDNA3·1+ | IgG1; IgG2a; elevated peripheral CD8+ T cells; total peripheral IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-4 | ~78% lower larvae recovered in muscle tissue | Xu et al. (2017) |
FECs, fecal egg counts; PBCs, peripheral blood cells; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; SCs, spleen cells or spenocytes; bac, baculovirus-insect cell extract; PA, polyprotein allergen; CTB, cholera toxin B subunit; CFA, complete Freund's adjuvant; mLNs, mesenteric lymph nodes; ns, not significant; w/o, without.
a
Results are compared with adjuvant alone control.
b
These results were not statistically significant.