Table 2. Body weight, food intake and serum choline and TMAO levels in mice fed a high fat diet without or with SM supplementation (Study 1).

Diet	HF	HFSM 0.3%	HFSM 0.6%	HFSM 1.2%
I Initial body weight (g)	17.25 ± 0.63	17.26 ± 0.43	16.78 ± 0.78	16.71 ± 0.55
Final body weight (g)	25.95 ± 0.94	25.46 ± 0.51	24.00 ± 0.54	25.07 ± 0.59
Food intake (g/ day)	3.44 ± 0.14	3.30 ± 0.14	3.29 ± 0.16	3.38 ± 0.12
Serum TMAO (μmol/L)	0.72 ± 0.07	0.67 ± 0.10	0.56 ± 0.06	1.46 ± 0.15***
Serum Choline (μmol/L)	18.64 ± 1.25	19.01 ± 1.48	17.75 ± 1.36	19.76 ± 0.92
Serum Betaine (μmol/L)	77.96 ± 12.34	71.22 ± 7.37	56.39 ± 4.02	82.09 ± 8.26

Male C57BL/6 mice (n = 8-10/group) were fed a high fat (HF) diet without or with 0.3%, 0.6% or 1.2% (wt/wt) SM supplementation (HFSM) for 4 weeks. Body weight and food intake were recorded twice weekly. Serum levels of TMAO, choline, and betaine were quantified as described in Materials and Methods. Values represent the mean ± SEM. Significant differences between the HF and HFSM groups were determined by one-way ANOVA: ***P<0.001.