Voltage dependent block of rat Nav1.4 channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. A. The slow time course of block of rat Nav1.4 channels maintained at a holding potential of -120, -60, or -30 mV by 10 μM DCJW. B. Recovery from block by DCJW or RH-3421 by repolarization of the holding potential from -30 mV (0 to 20 min) back to -120 mV (20 to 30 min). C. Voltage dependence of slow inactivation curves showing the hyperpolarizing shift induced by DCJW and RH-3421. Voltage protocols are shown below each panel. Solid lines indicate insecticide perfusion, whereas dashed lines indicate saline perfusion. Reproduced from KS Silver and DM Soderlund, State-dependent block of rat Nav1.4 sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes by pyrazoline-type insecticides, Neurotoxicology 26, 397-406, 2005, with permission from Elsevier.