Table 1.
Univariate and Multivariate Regression Analyses for Children and Adolescents: Standardized Beta Coefficients and Exact p-Values
| Sleep quality β (p) |
Daytime sleepiness β (p) |
Sleep disturbances β (p) |
Sleep duration
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-report β (p) |
Parent-report β (p) |
||||
| Children (n = 88) | |||||
| Univariate | |||||
| School ladder | 0.10 (.353) | −0.32** (002) | −0.06 (.550) | −0.20† (.058) | 0.02 (.860) |
| Society ladder | 0.14 (.174) | −0.38*** (.000) | −0.07 (.513) | −0.08 (.444) | 0.25* (.015) |
| Household income | 0.17 (.110) | −0.14 (.189) | −0.17 (.120) | 0.29** (.005) | 0.22* (.033) |
| Parental education | 0.22* (.038) | −0.16 (.120) | 0.04 (.714) | 0.06 (.568) | 0.25* (.015) |
| Multivariate | |||||
| School ladder | 0.18 (.125) | −0.32** (.005) | −0.01 (.916) | −0.16 (.138) | 0.02 (.876) |
| Household income | 0.06 (.626) | −0.09 (.441) | −0.22† (.063) | 0.35** (.002) | 0.17 (.143) |
| Parental education | 0.16 (.173) | −0.11 (.333) | 0.09 (.417) | −0.11 (.319) | 0.12 (.283) |
| Society ladder | 0.15 (.173) | −0.33** (.002) | −0.09 (.425) | −0.10 (.347) | 0.23* (.031) |
| Household income | 0.06 (.627) | −0.08 (.478) | −0.21† (.075) | 0.35** (.002) | 0.14 (.210) |
| Parental education | 0.16 (.195) | −0.09 (.412) | 0.10 (.389) | −0.11 (.340) | 0.11 (.336) |
| Adolescents (n = 141) | |||||
| Univariate | |||||
| School ladder | 0.27** (.001) | −0.09 (.255) | 0.04 (.621) | 0.07 (.418) | −0.15† (.078) |
| Society ladder | 0.15† (.067) | −0.11 (.195) | −0.09 (.298) | 0.09 (.295) | −0.09 (.306) |
| Household income | 0.11 (.201) | −0.10 (.216) | −0.19* (.027) | 0.05 (.538) | 0.10 (.246) |
| Parental education | 0.10 (.219) | −0.11 (.184) | 0.02 (.983) | −0.10 (.254) | 0.13 (.133) |
| Multivariate | |||||
| School ladder | 0.28** (.001) | −0.10 (.246) | 0.05 (.512) | 0.06 (.463) | −0.18* (.037) |
| Household income | 0.05 (.563) | −0.05 (.563) | −0.22** (.017) | 0.08 (.407) | 0.06 (.519) |
| Parental education | 0.04 (.689) | −0.08 (.396) | 0.10 (.232) | −0.15 (.091) | 0.10 (.262) |
| Society ladder | 0.15 (.097) | −0.06 (.502) | −0.03 (.735) | 0.08 (.341) | −0.08 (.355) |
| Household income | 0.02 (.831) | −0.04 (.674) | −0.21* (.028) | 0.06 (.558) | 0.08 (.440) |
| Parental education | 0.03 (.714) | −0.08 (.404) | 0.11 (.230) | −0.16 (.085) | 0.10 (.261) |
| Higher scores indicate: | Better quality | More sleepiness | More disturbances | Longer duration | Longer duration |
Note. β = standardized beta coefficient. p = exact two-tailed p value. Univariate models include each SEP variable listed singularly. Multivariate models include all three SEP variables listed, as well as sex, age, BMI, puberty, ethnicity, anxiety, and depression as continuous covariates.
†
p < .08.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.