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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Hypertension. 2017 Dec 4;71(1):78–86. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10370

Table 2.

Risk factors for developing hypertension from prehypertension over five years

Total Crude
Adjusted*
OR 95% CI p OR 95% CI p
Age per 1 year increased 1.024 1.017–1.031 <0.001 1.023 1.015–1.032 <0.001
Female gender versus male gender 0.920 0.789–1.072 0.283 1.595 1.269–2.005 <0.001
Body mass index per 1 kg/m2 increased 1.066 1.041–1.092 <0.001 1.051 1.051–1.081 <0.001
Smoking positive versus negative 1.200 1.031–1.397 0.019 1.103 0.914–1.330 0.31
Drinking habits positive versus negative 1.100 0.946–1.279 0.216 1.075 0.897–1.289 0.43
Baseline systolic BP per 1 mmHg increased 1.115 1.100–1.131 <0.001 1.072 1.055–1.089 <0.001
Baseline diastolic BP per 1 mmHg increased 1.128 1.109–1.147 <0.001 1.085 1.065–1.106 <0.001
Pulse rate per 1 bpm increased 0.995 0.998–1.002 0.15 0.991 0.983–0.999 0.030
Diabetes positive versus negative 1.502 1.067–2.114 0.020 1.277 0.878–1.855 0.20
Dyslipidemia positive versus negative 1.098 0.944–1.276 0.22 0.857 0.724–1.014 0.073
Chronic kidney disease positive versus negative 1.047 0.699–1.570 0.82 0.700 0.449–1.089 0.114
Serum uric acid per 1 mg/dL increased 1.125 1.066–1.188 <0.001 1.149 1.066–1.238 <0.001
Hyperuricemia positive versus negative 1.406 1.175–1.683 <0.001 1.348 1.101–1.650 0.004
Women Crude
Adjusted†
OR 95% CI p OR 95% CI p
Age per 1 year increased 1.030 1.018–1.042 <0.001 1.028 1.014–1.043 <0.001
Body mass index per 1 kg/m2 increased 1.075 1.037–1.115 <0.001 1.041 0.998–1.086 0.064
Smoking positive versus negative 1.101 0.785–1.543 0.58 1.039 0.718–1.503 0.84
Drinking habits positive versus negative 1.089 0.829–1.431 0.541 1.256 0.918–1.718 0.15
Baseline systolic BP per 1 mmHg increased 1.125 1.100–1.149 <0.001 1.080 1.053–1.107 <0.001
Baseline diastolic BP per 1 mmHg increased 1.130 1.101–1.160 <0.001 1.085 1.054–1.118 <0.001
Pulse rate per 1 bpm increased 0.998 0.987–1.008 0.66 0.993 0.981–1.005 0.26
Diabetes positive versus negative 2.026 1.069–3.837 0.030 1.593 0.799–3.176 0.186
Dyslipidemia positive versus negative 1.227 0.968–1.556 0.091 0.796 0.602–1.053 0.109
Chronic kidney disease positive versus negative 0.671 0.294–1.533 0.344 0.443 0.180–1.089 0.076
Serum uric acid per 1 mg/dL increased 1.386 1.224–1.569 <0.001 1.242 1.080–1.429 0.002
Hyperuricemia (≥6.0 mg/dL) positive versus negative 2.054 1.413–2.987 <0.001 1.513 1.003–2.282 0.048
Men Crude Adjusted†
OR 95% CI p OR 95% CI P
Age per 1 year increased 1.021 1.012–1.030 <0.001 1.02 1.010–1.030 <0.001
Body mass index per 1 kg/m2 increased 1.061 1.025–1.098 <0.001 1.056 1.015–1.099 0.007
Smoking positive versus negative 1.242 1.013–1.521 0.037 1.133 0.910–1.411 0.27
Drinking habits positive versus negative 1.072 0.876–1.311 0.50 1.002 0.804–1.250 0.98
Baseline systolic BP per 1 mmHg increased 1.109 1.089–1.129 <0.001 1.068 1.046–1.090 <0.001
Baseline diastolic BP per 1 mmHg increased 1.129 1.104–1.154 <0.001 1.085 1.058–1.112 <0.001
Pulse rate per 1 bpm increased 0.994 0.984–1.004 0.23 0.990 0.979–1.000 0.061
Diabetes positive versus negative 1.318 0.878–1.980 0.18 1.158 0.740–1.812 0.52
Dyslipidemia positive versus negative 1.005 0.826–1.223 0.96 0.886 0.714–1.099 0.27
Chronic kidney disease positive versus negative 1.224 0.765–1.958 0.40 0.836 0.499–1.401 0.50
Serum uric acid per 1 mg/dL increased 1.085 1.002–1.176 0.046 1.101 1.006–1.204 0.037
Hyperuricemia (>7.0 mg/dL) positive versus negative 1.245 1.007–1.540 0.043 1.268 1.003–1.602 0.047

BP, blood pressure; bpm, beat per minute; OR, odds ratio; p, probability

*

Data adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking and drinking habits, baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, and serum uric acid (or hyperuricemia).

†

Data adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking and drinking habits, baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, and serum uric acid (or hyperuricemia).