Fig. 2.

Potential target pathways and therapeutic agents currently under investigation for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: iPSCs induced pluripotent stem cells, MSCs mesenchymal stem cells, SGLT2 sodium-glucose cotransporter-2, DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4, PPARγ peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, ACE-I/ARB angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker, ET endothelin receptor, ACE-2 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, GBM glomerular basement membrane, ECM extracellular matrix, TGF-β tissue growth factor-beta, CTGF connective tissue growth factor, PDGF platelet-derived growth factor, AGE advanced glycation end products, MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, Nrf2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2