Table 1.
Summary of transgenic mouse and tumor xenograft models in translational prostate research.
| Models | Transgenic mouse lines: PSA-Cre-ERT2/PTEN | AP-OX | NHPrE1- and BHPrE1-tissue recombination-xenografting model | Prostatic organoid culture | PDX |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genes | PTEN | NHPrE1 (CD133high/CD44high/OCT4high/PTENhigh) BHPrE1 (p63high/p53high/(p21WAF1)high/RBhigh) |
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| Research direction | Genetic experiments | Tumor microenvironment | Functional remodeling of human prostate tissues and tumors | Tumor behavior: proliferation, invasiveness, and drug sensitivity | Interactions between PCa cells and tumor microenvironment |
| Application | 1. Clarify the functions of particular genes in prostate development and carcinogenesis 2. Study preventive and therapeutic approaches in vivo |
1. Study of the curative effects of novel clinical trial drugs on tumor cell proliferation and regional lymph node metastasis 2. Rapid screen of potential therapeutics |
Investigate the mechanisms associated with human prostatic regeneration, pathogenesis, and carcinogenesis | Manufacture targeted drugs | Angiogenesis, identification of castrate-resistant stem-like cells, effects of anti-androgen therapies, and interactions between tumor cells and the bone microenvironment |
| Limitations | No distant metastases even after PTEN ablation for extended periods | 1. Low tumor take rates 2. Only successful in case of highly advanced malignancies |
Difficulty in propagating tumor cells for a long time in vitro | 1. Advanced cancer organoids grow worse 2. Low success rates |
1. Organoids from advanced cancers grow worse 2. Soaring expenses and abundant human resources 3. Low success rates |
| Representative References | [66], [67] | [75], [76], [77] | [88] | [98], [99] | [111] |