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Current methodologies for ex vivo CTC expansion. Current strategies, methods, and technologies employed in CTC culture are summarized in this flowchart. Arrowed lines denote blood sample manipulative steps. Thin blue lines in the flowchart indicate the unique experimental steps developed in our laboratory. CDX, CTC-derived xenograft; CTC, circulating tumor cells; LCM, laser capture micro-dissection; 2-D, two-dimension; 3-D, three-dimension.
