Figure 1. Schematic of the exercise protocol performed in humans.

Warmup at low intensity (grey bars) was followed by a 3 × 5 min all‐out exercise fatigue bout (F1) (green bars), and then 4 × 15 min of exhaustive exercise (black bars). During the subsequent 2 h recovery, subjects were given 1.1 g kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ carbohydrate at one of the three different muscle temperature conditions at each visit. After the recovery period, a warmup was followed by a second fatigue bout (F2). [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]