Table 3. Multivariate analysis of the effects of household air pollution exposure and chronic respiratory disease on pneumonia risk in HIV-positive and HIV-negative sub-groups.
| Exposures | Adjusted OR
(95% CI) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|
| HIV-positive subgroup | ||
| Mean ambulatory PM 2.5 exposure (µg/m 3) * | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.141 |
| Mean ambulatory CO exposure (ppm) * | 1.07 (1.00–1.14) | 0.052 |
| Mean household PM 2.5 exposure (µg/m 3) †§ | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.608 |
| Mean household CO exposure (ppm) * | 1.03 (1.00–1.07) | 0.081 |
| Chronic respiratory disease * | 28.07 (9.29–84.83) | < 0.001 |
| HIV-negative subgroup | ||
| Mean ambulatory PM 2.5 exposure (µg/m 3) ‡ | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.872 |
| Mean ambulatory CO exposure (ppm)‡ | 0.95 (0.87–1.03) | 0.219 |
| Mean household PM 2.5 exposure (µg/m 3) ‡§ | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.307 |
| Mean household CO exposure (ppm) ‡ | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) | 0.206 |
| Chronic respiratory disease ‡ | 104.27 (12.86–852.35) | <0.001 |
*Adjusted for age, sex, CD4, chronic respiratory disease, antiretroviral treatment, body mass index, occupational status and alcohol intake; †adjusted for age, sex, CD4, chronic respiratory disease and antiretroviral treatment; ‡adjusted for age and sex. §Missing household PM 2.5 data were not imputed; therefore, analyses were restricted to 169 and 79 observations in the HIV–positive and HIV–negative subgroups, respectively.
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; PM 2.5: particulate matter <2.5µm; CO: carbon monoxide; ppm: parts per million.