Fig. (1).

Normal hemodynamic modulation during metaboreflex activated by the post-exercise muscle ischemia (PEMI) method. In healthiness, during PEMI-elicited metaboreflex the functional reserves of three of the four hemodynamic modulators (inotropism, preload and afterload) are recruited, whereas the reserve in chronotropism cannot be investigated. The target blood pressure level is achieved mainly by inotropism and preload adjustments, while little role is played by the reserve in afterload.