Figure 6.

A proposed scheme of metabolic interactions at the [¹³C] atomic levels induced by glucose on ammonia metabolism. The [1,2-¹³C₂]glucose can be converted into [1,2-¹³C₂]glucose-6-phosphate, which can be metabolized through glycolysis ([¹³C] atoms are designated in red) or entered into the PPP ([¹³C] atoms are designated in blue). Not all possible reactions between unlabeled and [¹³C] metabolites are represented in the scheme. CS, citrate synthetase; GDH, glutamate dehydrogenase; GltS, glutamate synthase; GS, glutamine synthetase; IDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; P5CDH, pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase; P5CR, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase; P5CS, pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase.