Table 2.

Environmental factors affecting redox environment of Leydig cells

Toxin	Animal Cell	Age	Dose (/kgBW); Duration	Effects on (LC or Testis)	Mechanisms Sensitive Targets	Reference
Lindane	rat	Adult	5mg; 12h	StAR↓ Hsd17b3↓; Hsd3b1↓	H2O2↑	Saradha, 2008
PFDoA	mLTC-1/rat LCs		10µM; 24h	P4 production ↓ T production↓	StAR↓; H2O2↑ Preventable by MnTMPyP	Shi, 2010
Aroclor1254 rat LCs		Adult	10−8M; 6h	T production ↓ Cyp11a1↓ Hsd17b3↓ Hsd3b1↓	H2O2↑; LPO↑ Hydroxyl radical↑; SOD↓ CAT↓; GPx↓; γ-GT↓; GR↓ GST↓; Vitamin C and E↓	Murugesan, 2008
Salinomycin	mice	Adult	3mg; 4w	Testicular T↓ StAR↓ Cyp11a1↓	LPO↑ GSH↓; CAT↓; LDH↓; SOD↓	Ojo, 2013
Quinalphos	rat	Adult	250µg; 3d	Serum T↓ Testis W↓ Germ cell loss↑	LPO↑; SOD↑; GPx ↑ CAT↓; GSH↓	Debnath, 2000
Quinalphos	mice	Adult	7.5 mg; 7d	Serum T↓ StAR↓; Cyp11a1↓ Hsd17b3↓ Hsd3b1↓	SOD↓; CAT↓; GPx↓ Vitamin C↓ Preventable by antioxidant Cissus quadrangularis	Kokilavani, 2014
DEHP	rat	Pnd21	1000mg; 10d	Serum T↓	Serum LH↓; Serum FSH↓ Preventable by selenium diet;	Erkekoglu, 2011
DEHP	rat	Pnd21	1000mg; 10d	GSH/GSSG↓ TBARS↑	Cu,Zn-SOD↓; CAT↑ GSH/GSSG↓; GPx4↓ Preventable by selenium diet	Erkekoglu, 2014
MEHP/ DEHP	MA-10		200µM; 24h	P4 production↓ cAMP↓; StAR↓	ROS↑ GSH depended Vitamin E protective	Zhou, 2013
MEHP	MA-10		1µM; 48h	P4 production↓ T production↓	ROS↑; Cyp1a1 network↑	Fan, 2010
MEHP	MA-10		200µM; 24h	P4 production↓ cAMP↓; StAR↓	ROS↑ GSH depended Vitamin E protective	Zhou, 2013
Mercury	rat	Adult	50ppm; 90d	Serum T↓ Sperm count↓	LPO↑; TBARS↑ SOD↓; CAT↓	Boujbiha, 2009
Lead	rat	Adult	25µg; 15d	Serum T↓ Hsd17b3↓ Hsd3b1↓	LPO↑; GSH↓; GST↓; SOD↓ CAT↓; GPx↓; TBARS↑ Preventable by Vitamin C	Pandya, 2012
Cadmium	rat	Adult	25µg; 15d	Serum T↓ Hsd17b3↓ Hsd3b1↓	LPO↑; GSH↓; GST↓; SOD↓ CAT↓; GPx↓; TBARS↑ Preventable by Vitamin C	Pandya, 2012
Cobalt	MA10		100µM; 24h	P4 production↓ Cyp11a1↓	ROS↑ HIF-1a activity↑	Kumar, 2014
Arsenite	mice	Adult	11.5ppm; 36d	Serum T↓ Hsd17b3↓ Hsd3b1↓	GSH↓ Preventable by Vitamin C	Chang, 2007
BPA	R2C		0.1nM; 24h	T production↓ Aromatase↑ EP2↑; EP4↑; CREB↑	COX2↑; PGE2↑ Preventable by inhibitions of PKA/ Akt/ ERK/ JNK/ p38	Kim, 2010
Dimethoate	rat	Adult	15mg; 5w	Serum T↓ StAR↓ LH↑	LPO↑; PGE2↑; PGF2α↑ COX2↑; α-tocopherol↓ Preventable by TROLOX or rofecoxib	Astiz, 2009
Dimethoate	rat LCs		1ppm; 24h	T production↓ StAR↓	LPO↑; COX2↑ Preventable by PUFA	Astiz, 2012

BPA: Bisphenol A CAT: Catalase COX2: Cyclooxygenase-2 CREB: cAMP Response Element Binding protein EP2: Prostaglandin E2 receptor 2 EP4: Prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 GPx: Glutathione Peroxidase GR: Glutathione Reductase GST: Glutathione-S-Transferase γ-GT: γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase HIF-1a: Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1, alpha subunit LDH: Lactate Dehydrogenase LPO: Lipid peroxidation; MnTMPyP: Manganese (III) tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin pentachloride PGE2: Prostaglandin E2 PUFA: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Ppm: Parts per million SOD: Superoxide Dismutase TBARS: Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances TrxR: Thioredoxin Reductase