Table 10.

Measurement-model factor loadings for the model without Language Experience (Model 2) and the reduced model with only Decoding and Reasoning (Model 2-Reduced).

Model	Factor	Variable	Estimate	Standard Error	Loading (z-score)
2	Decoding	Orthographic Decision	1.00	n/a	n/a
		Phonological Decision	9.50	1.44	6.58
		Non-word Naming	1.51	0.42	3.58
	WMC	Reading Span	1.00	n/a	n/a
		Alphabet Span	1.54	0.20	7.61
		Minus Span	2.49	0.36	6.94
		Visual Number Span	0.13	0.02	5.17
	Reasoning	Raven’s Progressive Matrices	1.00	n/a	n/a
		Arithmetic Aptitude Test	1.23	0.12	9.90
		Mathematic Aptitude Test	0.97	0.10	9.90
		Necessary Arithmetic Operations	1.04	0.11	9.46
	Perceptual	Letter Comparison	1.00	n/a	n/a
	Speed	Finding As	2.29	0.43	5.33
		Number Comparison	0.67	0.13	4.99
		Identical Pictures	1.12	0.26	4.29
	Fluency	Word Beginnings	1.00	n/a	n/a
		Word Endings	0.93	0.11	8.24
		Word Beginnings & Endings	0.76	0.10	7.84
	Comprehension	Investigator-Generated	1.00	n/a	n/a
		Nelson-Denny	2.02	0.30	6.75
2-Reduced	Decoding	Orthographic Decision	1.00	n/a	n/a
		Phonological Decision	9.74	1.73	5.63
		Non-word Naming	1.58	0.43	3.68
	Reasoning	Raven’s Progressive Matrices	1.00	n/a	n/a
		Arithmetic Aptitude Test	1.28	0.12	10.30
		Mathematic Aptitude Test	1.03	0.10	10.43
		Necessary Arithmetic Operations	1.07	0.11	9.81
	Comprehension	Investigator-Generated	1.00	n/a	n/a
		Nelson-Denny	2.14	0.25	8.63