Table 12.
Co-variance path weights for the model without Language Experience (Model 2).
| Model | Factor | Co-varying with | Covariance (Estimate) | Covariance (Std. Error) | Covariance (z-score) | Covariance (p-value for z-score) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | Decoding | WMC | - | - | - | - |
| Reasoning | - | - | - | - | ||
| Perceptual Speed | −0.15 | 0.05 | −2.81 | 0.005 | ||
| Fluency | −0.26 | 0.05 | −4.90 | <0.001 | ||
| Inhibition | 0.002 | 0.001 | 2.93 | 0.003 | ||
| WMC | Reasoning | 12.54 | 2.25 | 5.58 | <0.001 | |
| Perceptual Speed | 5.78 | 2.59 | 2.23 | 0.026 | ||
| Fluency | 13.24 | 2.81 | 4.70 | <0.001 | ||
| Inhibition | - | - | - | - | ||
| Reasoning | Perceptual Speed | 6.74 | 1.99 | 3.39 | 0.001 | |
| Fluency | 8.29 | 1.84 | 4.50 | <0.001 | ||
| Inhibition | - | - | - | - | ||
| Perceptual Speed | Fluency | 11.20 | 2.98 | 3.76 | <0.001 | |
| Inhibition | −0.09 | 0.04 | −2.11 | 0.035 | ||
| Fluency | Inhibition | - | - | - | - |
Note: The reduced model with only Decoding and Reasoning (Model 2-Reduced) contained no covariance paths.