Table 7.

Co-variance path weights for the full model (Model 1) and the model with only Language Experience and General Reasoning (Model 1-Reduced).

Model	Factor	Co-varying with	Covariance (Estimate)	Covariance (Std. Error)	Covariance (z-score)	Covariance (p-value for z-score)
1	Decoding	WMC	-	-	-	-
		Language Experience	−0.10	0.02	−4.06	< 0.001
		Reasoning	-	-	-	-
		Perceptual Speed	−0.15	0.06	−2.77	0.006
		Fluency	−0.26	0.05	−4.84	< 0.001
	Inhibition WMC	Inhibition	0.002	0.001	2.63	0.009
		Language Experience	7.65	1.67	4.57	< 0.001
		Reasoning	12.57	2.25	5.59	< 0.001
		Perceptual Speed	5.67	2.57	2.20	0.027
		Fluency	14.01	2.90	4.83	< 0.001
		Inhibition	-	-	-	-
	Language Experience	Reasoning	5.80	1.11	5.24	< 0.001
		Perceptual Speed	3.14	1.48	2.13	0.033
		Fluency	10.68	1.80	5.94	< 0.001
		Inhibition	−0.04	0.02	−2.16	0.031
	Reasoning	Perceptual Speed	6.61	1.93	3.42	0.001
		Fluency	8.42	1.85	4.54	< 0.001
		Inhibition	-	-	-	-
	Perceptual Speed	Fluency	11.23	2.99	3.76	< 0.001
		Inhibition	−0.09	0.04	−2.18	0.029
	Fluency	Inhibition	-	-	-	-
1-Reduced	Language Experience	Reasoning	5.98	1.06	5.66	< 0.001