Table 2.
Parameter Estimates (Standard Errors) for MDD-, GAD-, and SSRI-Related Variables from Linear Mixed Effects Regression Analysis Models for Relevant Skeletal Outcomes
| Weeks in MDD | Weeks in GAD | SSRI Use | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Within | Between | Within | Between | Within | Between | |
|
| ||||||
| TBLH aBMC Z-score | 0.0004 (0.0008) | −0.0144 (0.0057) | 0.0012 (0.0006) | −0.0044 (0.0044) | 0.0042 (0.0360) | 0.3151 (0.3346) |
| Males | 0.0020 (0.0017) | −0.0365 (0.0135) | 0.0015 (0.0010) | −0.0060 (0.0100) | −0.0833 (0.0532) | 0.9245 (0.6745) |
| Females | 0.0001 (0.0009) | −0.0095 (0.0061) | 0.0011 (0.0007) | −0.0039 (0.0048) | 0.0551 (0.0475) | 0.0843 (0.3748) |
|
| ||||||
| LS aBMD Z-score | 0.0035 (0.0010) | −0.0137 (0.0073) | 0.0018 (0.0007) | −0.0055 (0.0055) | 0.0288 (0.0478) | 0.0578 (0.4223) |
| Males | 0.0047 (0.0025) | −0.0131 (0.0154) | 0.0003 (0.0016) | −0.0017 (0.0107) | −0.2380 (0.0819) | 1.0694 (0.7435) |
| Females | 0.0030 (0.0011) | −0.0143 (0.0084) | 0.0021 (0.0009) | −0.0074 (0.0066) | 0.1632 (0.0577) | −0.2720 (0.5159) |
|
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| Trabecular vBMD | −0.0363 (0.0301) | −0.1920 (0.3277) | −0.0089 (0.0223) | 0.2113 (0.2524) | 0.6960 (1.7072) | 2.7123 (20.2226) |
| Males | 0.0046 (0.0757) | 0.4728 (0.7559) | 0.0263 (0.0480) | 0.9238 (0.5370) | 0.9350 (3.4149) | 11.8618 (43.4000) |
| Females | −0.0382 (0.0308) | −0.3461 (0.3566) | −0.0125 (0.0240) | 0.0251 (0.2809) | 0.8015 (1.8936) | 0.7662 (22.5163) |
|
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| Cortical vBMD | 0.0115 (0.0356) | −0.1783 (0.1713) | −0.0245 (0.0265) | −0.2014 (0.1293) | 2.1156 (2.0622) | −31.2229 (10.1531) |
| Males | −0.0552 (0.0777) | −0.1684 (0.4487) | −0.0677 (0.0500) | 0.0383 (0.3158) | 4.0194 (3.7524) | −47.7074 (24.2898) |
| Females | 0.0573 (0.0374) | −0.1871 (0.1670) | 0.0094 (0.0290) | −0.2417 (0.1285) | 2.9009 (2.2694) | −28.1480 (10.1579) |
|
| ||||||
| Osteocalcin/CTX-1 Ratio | −0.1006 (0.0925) | −0.0124 (0.1494) | 0.0936 (0.0673) | −0.0307 (0.1131) | 11.2839 (5.4034) | 2.3695 (8.9355) |
| Males | −0.4508 (0.1976) | 0.0678 (0.3596) | −0.0877 (0.1293) | −0.1212 (0.2435) | 2.8653 (10.2700) | 13.6745 (18.2788) |
| Females | −0.0696 (0.1087) | −0.0273 (0.1592) | 0.1183 (0.0822) | −0.0292 (0.1244) | 11.9645 (6.5339) | 0.0488 (10.0649) |
|
| ||||||
| BAP/CTX-1 Ratio | 0.0067 (0.0670) | −0.0684 (0.1331) | 0.0765 (0.0489) | −0.0815 (0.1013) | 11.1269 (3.8731) | −8.2515 (8.0445) |
| Males | −0.0352 (0.1660) | 0.5791 (0.3149) | 0.0523 (0.1042) | 0.2068 (0.2189) | 8.5635 (8.3274) | 6.0490 (16.9248) |
| Females | −0.0145 (0.0761) | −0.2173 (0.1372) | 0.0519 (0.0579) | −0.2260 (0.1067) | 11.1028 (4.4853) | −14.0120 (8.7258) |
TBLH aBMC Z-score: Total body less head areal bone mineral content age-sex-race-height-specific Z-score. LS aBMD Z-score: Lumbar spine areal bone mineral density age-sex-race-height-specific Z-score. Trabecular vBMD: Trabecular volumetric bone mineral density measured at the 4% non-dominant radius. Cortical vBMD was measured at the 20% non-dominant radius. CTX-1: C-terminal telopeptide. BAP: Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase. The base model included the following “standard covariates”: baseline age, sex (for overall sample), lean body mass index Z-score (for DXA-based measures) or forearm length (for pQCT-based measures) or age-sex-specific height and body mass index Z-scores (for bone markers), physical activity (for DXA-based measures) or grip strength (for pQCT-based measures), vitamin D concentration, and time in the study. All models included the standard covariates in addition to the predictor specified in each model. Current Depression Status included: 0=Never depressed, 1=Full Remission, 2=Remitting, 3=Partial Remission, 4=Relapse, 5= Major Depressive Episode (MDE). Weeks in MDE and weeks in GAD reflect the number of weeks where the participant met DSM-IV-TR criteria for a MDE or generalized anxiety disorder, based on the Longitudinal Interview Follow-up Evaluation for Adolescents (A-LIFE). Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) use reflects aggregate use between visits, in years. SSRI dose reflects the cumulative dose of SSRI taken by participants. Both SSRI use and dose were adjusted for adherence as captured by self-report and pharmacy records. BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory. BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory. IDS: Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology. Bolded results are statistically significant (p<0.05) and italicized and bolded results are marginally significant (p<0.10).