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. 2017 Dec 15;7:17624. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17912-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Production of the Biocage using the Nanoscribe lithography system. (a–c) Printing and development of structures using the Nanoscribe system. Biocages were printed using the Nanoscribe system (a). Photoresist was drop-coated onto the substrate for printing (b), and was afterwards developed in PGMEA (c). (d–f) DeScribe renderings of the Biocage prior to printing on the Nanoscribe. (g) Initial setup screen for Nanoscribe printing using the Nanowrite software. (h–l) Time lapse imaging of the Biocage being printed at various time points from the start of printing (h) to final completion (l). The base of the Biocage is observed at 2 minutes into printing (i). The inner wall is then constructed at 6 minutes into printing (j). By 10 minutes of printing, the pores of the Biocage begin to be observed (k). The total time of making one Biocage is approximately 46 minutes (l).