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. 2017 Dec 15;7:17624. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17912-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cellular impact of filled and capped Biocages after 24 hours in vivo implantation. (a–c) Microglia response observed around the Biocage after 24 hours. Brains with the implanted device were cryosectioned from the top-down view of the device and placed on slides for processing. Staining using the microglia marker Iba1 (a) shows few cells around the Biocage (b), while several cells are apparent near the needle track (in which the Biocage was implanted; dotted line) (c). (d–f) Astrocytic response around the Biocage after 24 hours. Staining of cryosections from the top-down view of the device with the astrocyte marker GFAP (d) shows a limited astrocyte response immediately around the Biocage (e), though similar to the Iba1 labeling, astrocytes were apparent around the needle track region (dotted line) (f). (g–i) Cell death around the Biocage after 24 hours. Cryosections of the side view of the device shows few cells positively labeled for cleaved Caspase 3 (Cl Casp 3) (g) observed around the Biocage (h). Staining was observed in other areas of the brain where normal programmed cell death is occurring, including the fourth ventricle (i). Scale bars = 100 µm.