Table 2.

Secreted molecules by brain metastasis-associated reactive astrocytes.

RA secreted molecules	Phenotype in cancer cells	Cancer type	Reference
ET-1	Induction of cancer cell growth and stemness through activation of MAPK and AKT	Breast and lung cancer	Kim et al. (35)
IL-23	Increase invassiveness by inducing MMP2	Melanoma	Klein et al. (65)
HGF/SCF	Induction of proangiogenic cytokines by activating c-Met	Breast cancer	Xing et al. (63).
BDNF	Induction of cancer cell growth through activation of TrKB-HER2	Breast cancer	Choy et al. (36)
CCL7	Induction of tumor initiating potential in cancer cells	Breast cancer	Wu et al. (62)
MMP2/MMP9	Increase invassiveness of cancer cells	Breast cancer	Wang et al. (67)
miR-19a	Induction of cancer cell growth by targeting PTEN	Breast cancer and melanoma	Zhang et al. (37)
Hyaluronic acid	Induction of cancer cell growth and stemness through activation of MAPK and AKT	Lung cancer	Stevens et al. (38)
IFNα/TNFα	Induction of cancer cell growth and chemoresistance by STAT1 and NFκB	Breast and lung cancer	Chen et al. (9)
PA-Plasmin-FasL	Decrease the viability of non-brain-adapted cancer cells	Breast and lung cancer	Valiente et al. (10)