Table 2.

Plasma free amino acid concentrations (μmol/L) in the study subjects without lifestyle-related diseases (no-LSRD) and with diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, hypertension and metabolic syndrome (MetS).

Amino acid	HU	No-LSRD			DM				Dyslipidemia				Hypertension				MetS				p3
		(HU: no, 2613; yes, 192)			(HU: no, 362; yes, 53)				(HU: no, 2655; yes, 552)				(HU: no, 2261; yes, 475)				(HU: no, 509; yes, 208)
		Median	IQR	p1	Median	IQR	p1	p2	Median	IQR	p1	p2	Median	IQR	p1	p2	Median	IQR	p1	p2
Ala	No	308.3	93.7	<0.001	373.9	121.1	0.076	<0.001	341.5	110.5	<0.001	<0.001	341.7	107.6	<0.001	<0.001	392.7	103.7	0.440	<0.001	<0.001
	Yes	342.2	103.0		408.8	117.5		<0.001	383.0	101.5		<0.001	372.5	99.1		<0.001	396.8	106.6		<0.001	<0.001
Arg	No	91.7	24.1	0.274	98.8	27.5	0.167	<0.001	95.7	22.4	0.292	<0.001	95.9	22.9	0.483	<0.001	97.6	24.5	0.697	<0.001	<0.001
	Yes	93.3	27.7		91.2	32.3		ns	97.4	21.7		0.026	97.1	21.9		0.042	98.0	22.3		0.026	0.038
Asn	No	45.1	9.2	0.770	46.2	10.0	0.160	0.035	44.8	8.4	0.213	ns	45.0	9.0	0.308	ns	45.2	8.9	0.663	ns	0.007
	Yes	45.0	8.0		43.8	9.6		ns	45.1	8.8		ns	45.1	8.2		ns	45.1	8.1		ns	0.922
Cit	No	28.0	8.8	0.357	31.9	11.7	0.530	<0.001	30.5	9.0	0.009	<0.001	31.3	9.9	0.751	<0.001	29.3	9.2	0.990	<0.001	<0.001
	Yes	28.7	9.6		33.9	14.9		0.034	29.2	10.4		ns	30.8	11.0		<0.001	29.3	11.1		ns	<0.001
Gln	No	584.7	89.3	0.324	599.7	101.1	0.037	0.001	600.3	84.8	<0.001	<0.001	599.5	89.4	<0.001	<0.001	591.6	94.0	0.429	ns	<0.001
	Yes	576.1	94.0		577.4	101.1		ns	585.4	89.8		ns	583.9	92.2		ns	589.3	101.0		ns	0.803
Gly	No	219.8	62.0	<0.001	197.1	53.3	0.130	<0.001	207.1	60.7	<0.001	<0.001	204.5	61.1	<0.001	<0.001	192.2	47.6	0.019	<0.001	<0.001
	Yes	202.4	53.5		191.2	52.4		ns	191.1	44.0		ns	192.5	51.2		ns	186.8	43.4		0.001	0.007
His	No	77.8	12.2	<0.001	80.2	12.1	0.271	<0.001	79.0	12.0	<0.001	<0.001	78.6	12.0	<0.001	0.037	80.5	13.7	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
	Yes	80.7	12.3		81.6	14.2		ns	83.1	13.0		ns	82.3	12.4		ns	84.1	14.1		0.031	0.035
Ile	No	50.8	15.5	<0.001	63.2	19.9	0.040	<0.001	56.4	18.1	<0.001	<0.001	56.1	18.1	<0.001	<0.001	64.5	19.8	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
	Yes	60.1	15.5		68.1	22.0		0.009	66.4	19.7		<0.001	64.2	19.2		ns	69.9	18.8		<0.001	<0.001
Leu	No	101.3	28.4	<0.001	122.9	32.9	0.003	<0.001	111.8	32.7	<0.001	<0.001	110.6	32.1	<0.001	<0.001	126.0	32.5	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
	Yes	120.9	27.0		133.7	32.4		0.003	128.9	32.6		0.001	124.3	31.0		ns	134.8	31.2		<0.001	<0.001
Lys	No	174.7	43.4	<0.001	193.1	41.7	0.025	<0.001	186.6	40.2	<0.001	<0.001	184.9	40.1	<0.001	<0.001	196.1	39.5	0.003	<0.001	<0.001
	Yes	186.7	46.0		201.4	42.9		0.002	197.7	38.3		0.001	196.1	41.8		0.019	202.3	36.7		<0.001	<0.001
Met	No	24.0	6.1	<0.001	26.6	6.4	0.697	<0.001	24.5	6.1	<0.001	<0.001	24.8	6.2	<0.001	<0.001	26.7	6.0	0.015	<0.001	<0.001
	Yes	25.9	7.0		27.2	7.8		ns	26.3	6.2		ns	26.2	6.5		ns	27.4	5.7		0.001	0.002
Orn	No	43.8	13.1	0.004	51.7	16.0	0.422	<0.001	48.6	13.0	0.120	<0.001	49.6	12.9	0.083	<0.001	50.2	13.3	0.636	<0.001	<0.001
	Yes	45.1	13.3		52.5	16.5		<0.001	48.8	14.0		<0.001	50.5	14.6		<0.001	50.6	12.9		<0.001	<0.001
Phe	No	53.4	9.9	<0.001	60.7	10.7	0.003	<0.001	57.1	10.4	<0.001	<0.001	58.2	10.7	<0.001	<0.001	60.4	10.8	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
	Yes	58.0	9.7		64.5	15.9		<0.001	60.7	10.4		<0.001	61.5	11.6		<0.001	63.1	11.9		<0.001	<0.001
Pro	No	114.9	48.0	<0.001	140.6	59.5	0.274	<0.001	125.5	52.1	<0.001	<0.001	124.1	50.8	<0.001	<0.001	144.7	52.3	0.017	<0.001	<0.001
	Yes	132.6	51.7		145.2	67.0		ns	144.1	49.9		<0.001	138.6	48.3		ns	153.7	53.4		<0.001	<0.001
Ser	No	115.6	27.4	<0.001	112.7	25.6	0.005	ns	109.8	25.9	<0.001	<0.001	109.5	26.7	<0.001	<0.001	107.6	26.7	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
	Yes	103.3	24.5		102.6	42.4		ns	100.6	22.7		ns	102.1	21.9		ns	100.8	22.6		ns	0.223
Thr	No	120.7	33.7	0.484	123.1	37.8	0.473	0.036	119.3	32.9	0.017	ns	120.6	34.2	0.026	ns	124.6	35.4	0.501	<0.001	<0.001
	Yes	119.3	33.9		122.8	32.9		ns	122.6	34.4		ns	123.2	39.0		ns	126.9	32.1		0.005	0.023
Trp	No	51.0	11.6	<0.001	53.2	13.7	0.159	<0.001	53.6	11.9	<0.001	<0.001	53.2	11.9	<0.001	<0.001	56.5	11.9	0.019	<0.001	<0.001
	Yes	55.5	11.7		55.6	11.1		ns	57.5	12.9		0.005	55.7	12.6		ns	57.9	13.8		0.003	0.001
Tyr	No	57.0	14.7	<0.001	67.3	18.0	0.186	<0.001	62.6	14.8	<0.001	<0.001	64.7	16.7	<0.001	<0.001	68.3	16.3	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
	Yes	61.5	16.1		69.4	22.3		0.003	67.0	16.1		0.000	68.0	17.9		<0.001	73.1	17.3		<0.001	<0.001
Val	No	188.4	49.2	<0.001	227.7	53.5	0.008	<0.001	209.4	54.6	<0.001	<0.001	208.4	54.5	<0.001	<0.001	233.3	53.1	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
	Yes	224.4	50.0		242.0	66.0		0.001	237.3	48.5		<0.001	227.8	50.4		ns	244.3	48.0		<0.001	<0.001

p1 indicates the p-values for the two-tailed Mann-Whitney U-test for 2-independent samples (shown under each group of subjects); p2 indicates the p-values for the two-tailed Mann-Whitney U-test for 2-independent samples with adjustments by Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons with the corresponding values of no-LSRD group (shown under DM, dyslipidemia, hypertension and MetS); and p3 indicates the p-values for the two-tailed Kruskal-Wallis test for k-independent samples (shown in the last column). ns, not significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons.