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Preliminary force-displacement curves from mechanical testing and FEA prediction. The equations proposed by Keyak (a), Carter (b), Minamisawa (c), and Keller for vertebra (d). Predicted fracture load and stiffness were 0.82 times and 9.74 times (a), 0.29 times and 1.28 times (b), 0.16 times and 0.13 times (c), and 0.97 times and 1.57 times (d) larger than those from mechanical testing, respectively
