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. 2017 Dec 15;9:129. doi: 10.1186/s13148-017-0430-7

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© The Author(s). 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Flow chart of the study design. Candidate biomarkers were selected from the high-throughput DNA methylation microarrays from the TCGA project and further validated with the ESCC methylation data from the GEO dataset, as well as PBMC and PBL from healthy controls. In addition, the PBL and PBMC methylation datasets from healthy samples were also utilized for biomarker filtering. Based on our preliminary screening, the candidate methylation biomarkers for ESCC were then further validated with targeted bisulfite sequencing in independent Chinese Han ESCC patients